The Indonesian Language Its History and Role

This important book, the first of its kind, is a historical, social, cultural and linguistic study of Indonesian. Indonesia is the fourth most populous nation in the world, and one of the most linguistically complex. Its ethnic groups speak more than 500 languages and of these Malay, renamed Indonesian, was chosen to be the sole national and official language.

Preface

1

(4)

Introduction

5

(17)

A new language for a new nation

5

(2)

A brief history of the language

7

(2)

The standardisation and spread of Indonesian

9

(2)

Malay outside Indonesia

11

(3)

On the name of the language

14

(1)

Fallacies and misconceptions

14

(4)

The teaching of Indonesian as a foreign language

18

(2)

Structure of the book

20

(2)

Malay and the Austronesian Language Family

22

(11)

The Austronesian languages

22

(3)

Proto-Austronesian and its descendants

25

(6)

The Malayic languages

31

(2)

Old Malay

33

(19)

The beginning of Indian influence

33

(2)

The Malays and the growth of trade

35

(1)

Srivijaya

36

(4)

Srivijaya's power and the spread of Malay

40

(3)

The decline of Srivijaya

43

(2)

Borrowing from Sanskrit

45

(7)

The Classical Malay Period

52

(27)

The coming of Islam

52

(5)

Malacca and its influence

57

(2)

Malay in the east

59

(3)

The earliest Malay letters

62

(3)

Malay literature

65

(6)

Munshi Abdullah

71

(1)

External influences

72

(7)

European Influences Before the 20th Century

79

(14)

The Portuguese

79

(3)

The Dutch and their use of Malay

82

(4)

1824: The dividing of the Malay world

86

(1)

Moves towards standardisation

87

(2)

Newspapers and their influence

89

(2)

The influence of van Ophuijsen

91

(2)

The 20th Century to 1945

93

(21)

The situation at the beginning of the century

93

(2)

Balai Pustaka

95

(2)

Other influences and the emergence of General Cultivated Malay

97

(2)

The nationalists

99

(2)

The Second Indonesian Youth Congress and the Sumpah Pemuda

101

(2)

Why Malay?

103

(3)

Alisjahbana and Pujangga Baru

106

(2)

The First Indonesian National Language Congress

108

(1)

Dutch reaction and the position of Indonesian in 1941

109

(2)

The Japanese period

111

(3)

Language Planning

114

(30)

The early days of planning

114

(5)

Components of planning

119

(2)

Diglossia and the language situation in Indonesia

121

(4)

Conservatives vs progressives

125

(2)

Spelling reform

127

(1)

The Pusat Bahasa

128

(2)

Alisjahbana vs Moeliono

130

(2)

Cultivation and dissemination

132

(5)

Language problems in the education system

137

(2)

Bahasa pejabat

139

(1)

Elite language and alienation

140

(2)

The advice industry

142

(2)

Beyond Planning: Other Influences on the Language

144

(29)

The influence of Sukarno

144

(1)

Acronyms and other abbreviations

145

(4)

The mass media

149

(3)

Borrowing from other languages

152

(1)

Jakarta Malay and informal Jakartan Indonesian

153

(3)

The influence of Javanese

156

(4)

The influence of Dutch

160

(7)

The influence of Sanskrit on the modern language

167

(6)

The Influence of English

173

(23)

The status language

173

(4)

The role of the mass media in disseminating English

177

(3)

Areas of borrowing

180

(3)

The assimilation of borrowings

183

(2)

Excessive borrowing from English

185

(3)

Affixes

188

(3)

Loan translations

191

(1)

Grammatical innovations

192

(2)

Reaction to English influence

194

(2)

Regional Languages and the Spread of Indonesian

196

(22)

The languages of Indonesia

196

(3)

Knowledge of Indonesian

199

(4)

Lingua francas and language shift

203

(2)

The spread of Indonesian

205

(2)

Efforts to maintain regional languages

207

(3)

The position of Javanese

210

(2)

The present state of Indonesian

212

(1)

The future of Indonesian

213

(5)

Endnotes

218

(9)

References

227

(9)

Index

236

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The Indonesian Language Its History and Role in Modern Society

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials