The Industrial Wastewater Systems Handbook

, by Stephenson; Ralph L.

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ISBN: 9781566702096 | 1566702097
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 10/23/1997

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Summary

Supplemental Materials

From explanations of laws and regulations to hands-on design and operation-the Handbook has it covered!

Prologue -- What is Water?

Introduction

P-1

Characteristics of Water

P-2

How to Use this handbook

P-25

References

P-25

Chapter 1 U.S. Laws and Regulations

(62)

Introduction

(1)

Reference Sources for Laws and Regulations

(1)

Summary of U.S. Government Laws and Regulations

(1)

Natural Resource Statutes

(5)

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969

(1)

Endangered Species Act

(1)

National Historic Preservation Act of 1966

(1)

Section 10 of the River and Harbor Act of 1899

(1)

Section 404 of the Clean Water Act

(1)

Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act of 1958

(1)

Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972

(1)

Residual Management Statutes

(2)

The Clean Water Act

(1)

The Clean Air Act

(1)

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)

(1)

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA)

(1)

Safe Drinking Water Act

(1)

Clean Water Act -- An Overview

(6)

Objectives and Goals

(1)

Illegality of Discharge Without a Permit

(1)

Authority of the Federal Government to Issue Permits

(1)

Technology-Forcing Requirements

(1)

Water Quality Limitations

(1)

XXX 404 Permit Requirements

(1)

XXX 401 Certification

(1)

Federal Enforcement

(1)

Spill Reporting

(1)

Spill Liability

(1)

Public Involvement

(1)

Federal Funds for Publicly Owned Treatment Works

(1)

Summary of P. L. 92-500

(1)

Water Quality-Based Controls Under CWA

(1)

Water Quality Standards

(2)

Permitting and Water Quality Standards

(11)

NPDES Permitting

(1)

404 Permitting

(1)

401 Certification

(1)

Anti-Degradation

(1)

Summary

(1)

The NPDES Permit Process

(1)

Substantive Elements of the NPDES Permit Program

(1)

Scope of the NPDES Permit Program

(2)

Prohibitions Against Issuance of 402 Permits

(1)

The Permit Application Process

(4)

General Information Requirements

(1)

Application Requirements for Existing Manufacturing, Commercial Mining and Silvicultural Discharges -- Process Wastewater

(2)

Nonprocess Wastewater Dischargers In the Manufacturing, Commercial Mining and Silvicultural Point Source Categories

(1)

Application Requirements for New and Existing Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations and Aquatic Animal Production Facilities

(1)

Application Requirements for New and Existing Publicly Owned Treatment Works

(1)

Application Requirements for New Sources and New Discharges

(1)

Conditioning of NPDES Permits

(1)

Duty To Comply

(1)

Property Rights, Inspections, Monitoring and Reporting

(1)

Zero Discharge

(5)

The Debate over Zero Discharge

(1)

Problems with Zero Discharge

(1)

Arguments in Favor of Zero Discharge

(1)

Water -- the Resource

(1)

Holistic Analysis

(1)

Practical Issues Associated with Zero Discharge

(2)

Conclusion

(1)

Technology-Forcing Standards under the Clean Water Act

(4)

Overview of BPT and BAT Standards

(4)

Enforcement under the Clean Water Act

(4)

Criminal Sanctions

(1)

Civil Penalties

(1)

Civil Enforcement in the Federal Court System

(1)

Compliance Orders and Administrative Penalties

(1)

Citizen Suits

(1)

Conclusion

(1)

Spill Liability: XXX 311 of the CWA and the Oil Pollution Act of 1990

(2)

Reporting Requirement under XXX 311

(1)

Liability for Failure to Report

(1)

Liability for Spills of Oil and Hazardous Substances

(1)

Oil Pollution Act of 1990

(2)

Oil Pollution Liability and Compensation (Title I)

(2)

Natural Resource Damages

(1)

Title IV of OPA -- Spill Prevention and Removal

(1)

The Corps of Engineers' XXX 404 Permit Program

(13)

Historical Overview of XXX 404 Permit Program

(2)

Corps Permits: Procedure and Substance

(1)

Corps' Procedural Regulations

(1)

The Substantive Regulations

(1)

The EPA's 404(b)(1) Guidelines

(6)

1990 Memorandum of Agreement between EPA and the Corps Regarding Mitigation under the 404(b)(1) Guidelines

(4)

Avoidance

(2)

Minimization

(1)

Compensatory Mitigation

(2)

The Corps' Public Interest Test

(1)

Special 404 Issues

(3)

Jurisdictional Limits of the 404 Program

(2)

Point Source Discharge of Pollutants

(1)

Nationwide Permits

(1)

Conclusion

(1)

Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act, Title III (SARA Title III)

(1)

Occupational Health and Safety Act (OSHA)

(1)

Summary

(1)

References

(2)

Chapter 2 International Treaties, Laws, and Regulations

(12)

Introduction

(1)

International Treaties

(5)

The Rio Convention

(1)

Basel Convention on the Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal (Basel 1989)

(5)

Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter (London Dumping Convention) 1972/1976

(1)

Oil-Related Treaties

(1)

ISO 14000

(4)

Environmental Policy

(1)

Environmental Planning

(1)

Legal and Regulatory Requirements

(1)

Goals

(1)

Programs

(1)

Organization

(1)

Training

(1)

Communication

(1)

Documentation

(1)

Operational Control

(1)

Emergency Preparedness and Response

(1)

Monitoring and Management

(1)

Corrective and Preventative Actions

(1)

Record Keeping

(1)

Audits

(1)

Management Review

(1)

World Bank Standards

(1)

Miscellaneous Foreign Laws and Regulations

(2)

Chapter 3 Wastewater System Planning and Analysis

(10)

Introduction

(1)

References and Standards

(1)

Planning the Plan

(4)

1. Comprehensive Flow Diagram and Description of Existing System

(1)

2. Source Database

(1)

3. Document Planned and Potential Facility Expansions

(1)

4. Evaluate Regulatory Requirements

(1)

5. Determine if Conveyance and or Treatment Improvements are Required

(1)

6. Develop and Evaluate Options for Waste Prevention Minimization, System Modifications, and New Construction

(1)

7. Develop an Integrated Conceptual Plan of Upgrades, Schedules, and Cost Estimates

(1)

8. Check for Constructability, Safety, and Schedule

(1)

9. Comprehensive Facility Group Review

(1)

10. Implementation of the Compliance Plan

(1)

Wastewater System Base Line Data Production

(1)

Statistical Analysis

(1)

Sampling and Analysis Plans

(1)

Treatability and Pilot Studies

(1)

Design Basis and Regulatory Reviews

(1)

Construction Materials

(1)

References

(1)

Chapter 4 Wastewater Collection Systems

(26)

Introduction

(1)

References and Standards

(1)

Regulatory Requirements

(1)

RCRA

(1)

NESHAP and HON

(1)

VOC

(1)

Other Regulations, Permits, Etc

(1)

Collection and Conveyance (Sewer) Systems

(1)

Stormwater Systems

(1)

Process Wastewaters

(2)

Ballast Water

(1)

Sanitary Wastewater

(1)

Process (effluent) System

(1)

Spent Amine System

(1)

Spent Caustic System

(1)

Spent Acid System

(1)

Stormwater System Design and Analysis

(14)

The First Flush Principle

(1)

Stormwater Flows and Volumes

(1)

Macro Stormwater Calculations

(5)

Micro Stormwater Calculations

(1)

First Flush Calculations

(7)

Process Sewer System Design and Analysis

103

(3)

Computer Programs

106

(3)

References

109

(2)

Chapter 5 Equalization and Storage Systems

111

(10)

Introduction

111

(1)

Equalization Techniques

111

(1)

Flow Equalization

112

(2)

Constituent Equalization

114

(3)

Design of Equalization Tanks

117

(4)

Chapter 6 Physical Processes

121

(116)

Introduction

121

(1)

Grit Removal and Screens

121

(1)

Low Solids flux Rate Unit Processes

122

(15)

Primary Clarifiers and Grit Chambers

122

(8)

Clarifier Design

122

(2)

Design of Grit Chambers

124

(1)

Design of Primary Clarifiers

125

(5)

Oil-Water Separation Devices

130

(7)

API Separators

130

(1)

CPI Units

131

(1)

DAF Units

132

(5)

Coalescers

136

(1)

Other Devices

137

(1)

High Solids Flux Rate Unit Processes

137

(2)

Thickeners

137

(1)

Dewatering Machines

138

(1)

Centrifuges

138

(1)

Presses and Filters for Sludge Dewatering

139

(3)

Vacuum Filters

140

(1)

Belt Presses

140

(1)

Plate and Frame Presses

141

(1)

Incineration

142

(1)

Teritary Treatment Physical Unit Processes

142

(1)

Filtration

142

(12)

Diatomaceous Earth Filters

142

(1)

Granular Media Filters

143

(4)

Carbon Adsorption

147

(7)

Stripping

154

(6)

Air Stripping

155

(2)

Steam Stripping

157

(2)

Natural Gas Stripping

159

(1)

Vacuum Stripping

159

(1)

Membrane Separation

160

(8)

Ultrafiltration

161

(2)

Reverse Osmosis

163

(5)

Mixing

168

(15)

Designing Turbine Agitators

169

(5)

Classification of the Agitation Problem

170

(2)

Magnitude of Agitation Required

172

(1)

Selecting Equipment for Dynamic Response

173

(1)

Economic Evaluation of Equipment

174

(1)

Fluid Mixing Systems Dimensional Analysis

174

(9)

Dimensional Analysis

174

(1)

The Navier-Stokes Equation

175

(2)

Other Dimensionless Relationships

177

(1)

Mixing Power Requirements

177

(1)

Limiting Cases

178

(1)

Power Correlation

179

(1)

Fluid Velocity

180

(1)

Flow Patterns in Mixed Vessels

181

(1)

Velocity and Pumping

181

(1)

Blending and Blend Time

182

(1)

Correlation Method for Blend Time

182

(1)

Blend Time Correlation

183

(1)

Mixing Fundamentals

183

(12)

Heat Transfer

183

(3)

Heat Transfer Coeffcient Dimensional Analysis

186

(1)

Correlations for Heat Transfer

187

(1)

Design Aspects of Heat Transfer

188

(1)

Suspending Solids

188

(1)

Settling Velocity

189

(1)

Mass Transfer in Solids Suspension

190

(1)

Gas Dispersion

191

(1)

Bubble Breakup and Interfacial Area

191

(1)

Flooding and Power

192

(1)

Mass Transfer and Gas Dispersion

192

(1)

Agitation and Viscosity

193

(1)

Power-Law Fluids

193

(1)

Design Considerations

194

(1)

Designing Mixers for the Desired Process Response

195

(6)

Problem Classification

196

(1)

Severity and Size

196

(1)

Defining the Desired Process Result

196

(1)

Defining the Required Dynamic Response

196

(1)

Selecting an Agitator Drive

197

(1)

Impeller Design

197

(4)

Mixing Systems for Suspension of Solids in Liquids

201

(6)

Size and Difficulty

202

(2)

Dynamic Response Required

204

(1)

Scale of Agitation

204

(1)

Selecting an Agitator Drive

204

(1)

Impeller Design

204

(3)

Incorporating Dry Solids

207

(1)

Resuspending Settled Solids

207

(1)

Selecting Agitators for Dispersing Gas into Tanks

207

(8)

Gas Dispersion

208

(1)

Gas Dispersion Process Result

209

(1)

Gas Dispersion Dynamic Response

209

(1)

Scale of Agitation

210

(1)

Agitator Drive Design

211

(1)

Impeller System Design

211

(1)

Gas Dispersion Turbine Diameter

212

(3)

Gas Dispersion Design Considerations

215

(1)

Drive Trains for Turbine Agitators

215

(6)

Agitator Environment

216

(2)

Mounting Configurations

218

(1)

Turbine Agitator Prime Movers

218

(1)

Drive Train Couplings

219

(1)

Turbine Mixer Drives

219

(1)

Gears for Turbine Drives

220

(1)

Shafts, Seals, and Impellers

221

(7)

Natural Frequency of Vibration

222

(2)

Calculating the First Lateral Frequency

224

(1)

Estimating the Weight of Impellers

225

(1)

Shaft Seals

226

(2)

Mechanical Seals

227

(1)

Scale-Up Techniques for Turbine Agitators

228

(7)

Similarity Concepts

229

(1)

Scale Up Procedure

229

(1)

Geometrical Similarity

229

(1)

Scaling Up to Standard Equipment

230

(1)

Scale-Up Rules

230

(1)

Scale-Up Exponents

231

(1)

Selecting a Mixer

232

(2)

Mixing Experiment Design

234

(1)

Mechanical Evaluation of Mixers

234

(1)

References

235

(2)

Chapter 7 Chemical Treatment Processes

237

(10)

Introduction

237

(1)

Precipitation

237

(2)

Solids Removal

237

(1)

Heavy Metals Removal

238

(1)

Chemical Feed System Design

239

(1)

Solution Make Up

239

(1)

Calculations for Feed Rate

239

(1)

Mixing

240

(1)

Oxidation

240

(3)

Air and Pure Oxygen

240

(2)

Chemical Oxidants

242

(1)

Ozonation

242

(1)

Ion Exchange

243

(1)

Electrodialysis

244

(1)

References

245

(2)

Chapter 8 Biological Treatment Processes

247

(54)

Introduction

247

(8)

Biological Reactors

249

(3)

Suspended Growth Reactors

249

(2)

Fixed Film Reactors

251

(1)

Reaction Kinetics

252

(3)

First Order Approximation

253

(2)

Acclimation

255

(1)

Inhibition

255

(1)

Minimum Substrate Concentrations

255

(1)

Anaerobic Treatment

255

(1)

Facultative Treatment

256

(1)

Aerobic Treatment

256

(15)

Modeling

257

(1)

Activated Sludge Models

257

(14)

Calculating Biokinetic Constants

264

(7)

Aerated Stabilization Basin Models

271

(1)

Secondary Clarifiers

271

(6)

How Clarifiers Really Work

271

(2)

Modeling Secondary Clarifiers

273

(4)

Aeration Systems Design

277

(4)

Secondary Clarifier Design

281

(1)

Other Biological Unit Processes

282

(16)

Trickling Filters

282

(5)

Rotating Biological Contactors

287

(6)

The PACT Process

293

(2)

Fluid Bed Granular Activated Carbon

295

(1)

Land Applications

296

(2)

References

298

(3)

Chapter 9 VOCs in Wastewater

301

(44)

Introduction

301

(9)

Industry Descriptions

310

(5)

The Organic Chemicals, Plastics, and Synthetic Chemicals Manufacturing Industry

311

(1)

Pesticides Manufacturing Industry

312

(1)

Petroleum Refining Industry

312

(1)

Pharmaceuticals Manufacturing Industry

313

(1)

Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facilities Industry

314

(1)

Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard and Builders' Paper and Board Mills Industry

314

(1)

Volatile Organic Compound Emissions During Wastewater Collection and Treatment

315

(7)

Source of Organic Compound-Containing Wastewater

315

(1)

Direct Contact Wastewater

316

(1)

Indirect Contact Wastewater

316

(1)

Sources of Air Emissions

316

(6)

Drains

317

(1)

Manholes

317

(1)

Junction Boxes

318

(1)

Lift Stations

318

(1)

Trenches

319

(1)

Sumps

319

(1)

Weirs

319

(1)

Oil-Water Separators

320

(1)

Equalization Basins

320

(1)

Clarifiers

321

(1)

Aeration Basins

321

(1)

Treatment Tanks

321

(1)

Surface Impoundments

322

(1)

Volatile Organic Compound Emission Estimation

322

(1)

Volatile Organic Compound Emission Control Techniques

322

(20)

Waste Minimization

323

(1)

Gather Baseline Data

323

(1)

Identify and Rank Sources for Reduction

323

(1)

Implementation of Reduction Recycling

323

(1)

Organic Compound Treatment Technologies

324

(9)

Wastewater Collection and Conditioning

324

(1)

Steam Stripping

324

(2)

Steam Stripper Applicability and Performance

325

(1)

Steam Stripper Removal Efficiency

326

(1)

Air Stripping

326

(5)

Air Stripper Process Description

326

(5)

Air Stripping Removal Performance

331

(1)

Biological Removal

331

(1)

Other Organic Compound Removal Technologies

332

(1)

Volatile Organic Compound Emission Suppression from Collection and Treatment System Components

333

(2)

Collection System Controls

333

(1)

Fixed-Roof Tanks

334

(1)

Floating Roof Tanks

334

(1)

Oil Water Separators

334

(1)

Floating Membrane Covers

335

(1)

Air Supported Structures

335

(1)

Add-on Controls

335

(7)

Carbon Adsorbtion

336

(1)

Thermal Vapor Incinerators

337

(1)

Combination Adsorbtion-Incineration

338

(1)

Catalytic Vapor Incinerators

339

(1)

Flares

339

(1)

Boilers and Process Heaters

340

(1)

Condensers

340

(1)

Solvent Extraction

341

(1)

Biofiltration

341

(1)

Membrane Separation

342

(1)

Computer Modeling

342

(1)

References

343

(2)

Chapter 10 Sludge and Solid Wastes Management

345

(6)

Introduction

345

(6)

Types of Sludge and Solids

345

(1)

Landfills

345

(6)

Dewatering

346

(1)

Drying and Evaporation

346

(1)

Incineration

346

(1)

Kilns

347

(1)

Horizontal Spray Incinerators

348

(1)

Vortex Melting Furnaces

348

(1)

Vertical Spray Incinerators

348

(1)

Multiple Hearth Incinerators

348

(1)

Low Velocity Fluidized Bed Incinerators

349

(1)

High Velocity Fluidized Bed Incinerators

349

(2)

Chapter 11 Specialized Unit Processes

351

(14)

Introduction

351

(1)

Spent Caustic Treatment Systems

351

(9)

Typical Characteristics of Spent Caustic

352

(1)

Impact on Plant's Wastewater Treatment System

352

(1)

Commercially Proven Treatment Technologies

353

(6)

Neutralization with Steam Stripping

353

(1)

Wet Air Oxidation

353

(2)

Low Pressure Oxidation

355

(1)

Medium Pressure Oxidation

355

(1)

High Pressure Oxidation

356

(2)

Incineration

358

(1)

Emerging Treatment Technologies

358

(1)

Catalytic Wet Air Oxidation

359

(1)

Supercritical Water Oxidation

359

(1)

Summary of Spent Caustic Systems

359

(1)

Spent Amines

360

(2)

References

362

(3)

Chapter 12 Instrumentation

365

(64)

Introduction

365

(2)

Instrumentation and Automation Techniques

367

(17)

Pressure Measurement

368

(3)

Temperature

371

(1)

Level Measurement

372

(5)

Flow Measurement

377

(5)

Suspended Solids Measurement

382

(2)

Transducers

384

(5)

Mercury or Filled Well -- Pneumatic Type

384

(1)

Diaphragm Cell -- Pneumatic Type

385

(1)

Mercury or Liquid Filled Well -- Electric Time Impulse Type

386

(2)

Differential Bellows -- Electronic Type

388

(1)

Helix -- Electric Induction Bridge Type

388

(1)

Electronic Type

388

(1)

Transmission Links

389

(1)

Mechanical Transmission

389

(1)

Pneumatic Transmission

389

(1)

Electric Transmission

389

(1)

Pneumatic and Electric Multisignal Scanning

390

(1)

Tone Frequency

390

(1)

Receiving Mechanisms

390

(2)

Pneumatic Receivers

391

(1)

Electric Receiver Power Positioner

391

(1)

Electronic Receiver Servomotor

391

(1)

Electric Receiver Inductance Bridge

392

(1)

Controllers

392

(1)

Pneumatic Controller -- Proportional Reset Mode

392

(1)

Hydropneumatic Controller -- Proportional Speed Floating Mode

393

(1)

Process Measurements

393

(4)

Flow Measurement

393

(1)

Influent Flow

393

(1)

Tertiary Filter Effluent Flow

394

(1)

Tertiary Filter Wash Water

394

(1)

Plant Service Water

394

(1)

Effluent Meter

394

(1)

Temperature Measurement

394

(1)

Pressure Measurement

395

(1)

Level Measurement

395

(1)

Level Sensors

396

(1)

Flow Control

397

(1)

Flow Control of Gravity Supply from Tanks

397

(1)

Tertiary Filter Effluent Flow Control

397

(1)

Tertiary Filter Wash Water Flow Control

397

(1)

Level Control

397

(1)

Overall Process Control

398

(1)

The Waste Treatment Process

399

(6)

Typical Process Measurements

400

(5)

Flow Measurement

400

(3)

Sludge Density Measurement

403

(1)

Temperature

403

(1)

Level Measurement

404

(1)

Component Evaluation of Wastewater Instrumentation and Controls

405

(18)

Differential Producing Flow Meters

405

(1)

Flow Transducers

406

(3)

Stability

406

(1)

Range and Accuracy

406

(2)

Speed of Response

408

(1)

Output Signal Computability

408

(1)

Rejection of Line Noise

408

(1)

Readout Devices

409

(1)

Control Valves

409

(6)

Sizing Control Valves

411

(4)

Automatic Controllers

415

(3)

Open Channel Flow Meters

418

(2)

Temperature Metering

420

(3)

Instrumentation Schematic Drawings

423

(4)

References

427

(2)

Glossary of Wastewater and Environmental Terms

429

(48)

Index

477

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The Industrial Wastewater Systems Handbook

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Table of Contents

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