Inequality for All : The Challenge of Unequal Opportunity in American Schools
, by Schmidt, William H.; McKnight, Curtis C.
- ISBN: 9780807753415 | 0807753416
- Cover: Paperback
- Copyright: 7/6/2012
William H. Schmidt is University Distinguished Professor at Michigan State University and co-director of the Education Policy Center. Curtis C. McKnight is emeritus professor of mathematics at the University of Oklahoma.
| Preface | p. xi |
| Acknowledgments | p. xv |
| Introduction: A Story and a Myth | p. 1 |
| Potential Consequences Related to Differences in Content Coverage | p. 3 |
| The American Myth of Educational Equality | p. 7 |
| The Difference that Schooling Makes | p. 9 |
| A Definition of Opportunity to Learn | p. 11 |
| The Role of Individual Responsibility in Education | p. 14 |
| The Need to Challenge the American Myth that Schooling Is Equal for All | p. 15 |
| Equality Versus Equity in Opportunities to Learn | p. 16 |
| The Role of OTL in Inequalities in American Education | p. 19 |
| The Inequalities that Permeate the American Educational System | |
| One Indivisible Nation? | p. 23 |
| The Movement Toward Common Standards | p. 26 |
| The Clash of Two Great Traditions | p. 27 |
| The Consequences of Local Control of the Curriculum | p. 27 |
| Content Variation in State Standards | p. 29 |
| Content Variation Across Local Districts | p. 42 |
| Science Content Variation | p. 49 |
| The Consequences of State and Local Control of the Curriculum | p. 54 |
| Social Class, Race, and Equality of Opportunity | p. 56 |
| Variability in Learning Opportunities Related to Socioeconomic Status | p. 56 |
| Content Opportunities in Urban Districts | p. 64 |
| Inequality in 8th-Grade Mathematics Among Districts | p. 64 |
| Expectations Versus Implementation | p. 66 |
| Into the Classroom: The Content Opportunities Children Actually Experience | p. 68 |
| Content Coverage in Elementary Classrooms | p. 70 |
| Content Coverage in Middle School Classrooms | p. 80 |
| Social Class Differences in Learning Opportunities | p. 87 |
| Content Coverage in High School Classrooms | p. 93 |
| Content Coverage in Science | p. 97 |
| Classroom Variation | p. 98 |
| Tracking: Further Along the Road to Inequality | p. 99 |
| Tracking in Middle School | p. 99 |
| Tracking in High School | p. 107 |
| Science Tracking in High School | p. 118 |
| Tracking: What We Might Do | p. 121 |
| Contributors to Inequality in Content Coverage: The Role of Organizational Structure | p. 123 |
| School-Level Differences | p. 123 |
| The Role of States, Districts, Schools, and Classrooms Related to Inequalities in Content Coverage | p. 128 |
| Variations in IGP Due to Different Organizational Levels of the Educational System | p. 132 |
| Variation for Specific Topics | p. 138 |
| The Role of Tracking | p. 139 |
| Implications Related to Inequalities in Content Coverage | p. 140 |
| Factors that Shape Content Coverage and Increase Inequality | |
| The Influence of Teachers on Opportunities to Learn | p. 145 |
| The Mathematics Content Knowledge that Teachers Should have | p. 148 |
| What Teachers Tell us About their Knowledge of Mathematics | p. 149 |
| Why Teachers Feel so Poorly Prepared | p. 158 |
| The Effects of Teachers' Mathematics Knowledge on Opportunities to Learn | p. 162 |
| The Role of Textbooks and Tests | p. 164 |
| Textbooks: The Potentially Implemented Curriculum | p. 165 |
| Mathematics Textbooks | p. 167 |
| The Topics Included in Science Textbooks | p. 172 |
| Textbook Factors that Influence the Quality of Learning Opportunities | p. 175 |
| Assessments and Tests | p. 180 |
| A Last Thought on the Influence of Textbooks and Tests | p. 187 |
| Facing the Consequences | |
| Content Coverage Matters | p. 191 |
| Achievement Around the World | p. 192 |
| Classroom-Level Analysis and U.S. Achievement | p. 195 |
| Relating Tracking to Achievement | p. 200 |
| Relating Inequalities in Content Coverage to Achievement | p. 201 |
| From Inequality to Equality: The Road We Must Follow | p. 203 |
| What is and What has Been | p. 203 |
| What Can be | p. 212 |
| Data Sources Used in this Book | p. 217 |
| Mathematics Content Topics | p. 221 |
| Science Content Topics | p. 222 |
| Notes | p. 225 |
| References | p. 237 |
| Index | p. 251 |
| About the Authors | p. 264 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
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