Infectious Diseases of Wild Mammals and Birds

Infectious Diseases of Wild Mammals and Birds in Europe is a key resource on the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases in European wildlife that covers the distinctive nature of diseases as they occur in Europe, including strains, insect vectors, reservoir species, and climate, as well as geographical distribution of the diseases and European regulations for reporting, diagnosis and control. Divided into sections on viral infections, bacterial infections, fungal and yeast infections, and prion infections, this definitive reference provides valuable information on disease classification and properties, causative agents, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and implications for human, domestic and wild animal health. Key features: Brings together extensive research from many different disciplines into one integrated and highly useful definitive reference. Zoonotic risks to human health, as well as risks to pets and livestock are highlighted. Each disease is covered separately with practical information on the animal species in which the disease has been recorded, clinical signs of the disease, diagnostic methods, and recommended treatments and vaccination. Wildlife vaccination and disease surveillance techniques are described. Examines factors important in the spread of disease such as changing climate, the movement of animals through trade, and relaxations in the control of wide animal populations.

Dolores Gavier-Widén, DVM, MS, PhD, Associate Professor at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Deputy Head of Department of Pathology and Wildlife Diseases, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden. Dolores is the president of the Wildlife Disease Association (WDA) (2012-2013) and past-president (2006-2008) of the European Section of WDA (EWDA). She is reviewer for many journals, and has written book chapters and many scientific papers. Dolores has worked on wildlife disease research internationally, in particular on tuberculosis, calicivirus infection of leporids, prion diseases, and on the ongoing EU project "Novel technologies for surveillance of emerging and re-emerging infections of wildlife". She is consultant for EFSA, EC, research agencies and veterinary and public health organisations. She has worked on wildlife pathology and diagnostics of infectious diseases of free-ranging and farmed wild mammals and birds for more than 20 years.

J. Paul Duff, BSc (zool), MVB, MSc, MRCVS, is based at AHVLA, Penrith, Cumbria, UK. Paul is the past-president of the EWDA (2009-2010) and a past Council member of the British Veterinary Zoological Society. He is a veterinary surgeon and zoologist who has worked for more than 20 years investigating disease in wild animals, exotic animals and livestock. Since 1998, he has been the project leader for the AHVLA Diseases of Wildlife Scheme (AHVLADoWS). This is the first government funded scheme for the investigation and surveillance of wildlife diseases in England and Wales. Since 1995, editor of the OIE Annual Report, ‘Wildlife Diseases in the UK' which officially summarises wildlife disease reported in the UK each year for the Office International d'Epizooties (the World Animal Health Association). He is project leader, with Dolores Gavier-Widén, for the EU sponsored ‘Wildlife related emerging diseases and zoonoses', Special Interest Group.

Anna Meredith MA VetMB PhD CertLAS DZooMed MRCVS, RCVS Recognised Specialist in Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, Head of Exotic Animal and Wildlife Service, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, UK. Anna has extensive publication and book editing experience in the exotic animal and wildlife field, as well as being actively involved in many areas of ongoing wildlife research, including red squirrel and osprey surveillance in Scotland, and is currently carrying out full time DEFRA- funded research into emerging diseases in UK wildlife. She is a past president of the British Veterinary Zoological Society and a member of EWDA and EAZWV. She teaches wildlife medicine to veterinarians at both undergraduate and postgraduate level.

Notes on Contributors vii

Preface xi

Cover Image Acknowledgements xiii

Acknowledgements xiv

Section 1 Viral Infections 1

1. Herpesvirus Infections 3

2. Influenza Virus Infections 37

3. Avian Paramyxovirus Infections 59

4. Circovirus Infections 67

5. Calicivirus Infections 73

6. Lyssavirus Infections 86

7. Morbillivirus Infections 99

8. Orbivirus Infections 119

9. Flavivirus Infections 128

10. Pestivirus Infections 146

11. Picornavirus Infections 168

12. Parvovirus Infections 181

13. Poxvirus Infections 191

14. Adenovirus Infections 210

15. Retrovirus Infections 219

16. Papillomavirus and Polyomavirus Infections 225

17. Coronavirus Infections 234

18. Bunyavirus Infections 241

19. Other Virus Infections 249

Section 2 Bacterial Infections 263

20. Mycobacteria Infections 265

21. Yersinia Infections 293

22. Tularaemia 303

23. Pasteurella Infections 310

24. Brucellosis 318

25. Anthrax 329

26. Chlamydiaceae Infections 336

27. Borrelia Infections 345

28. Rickettsiales Infections 363

29. Mycoplasma Infections 372

30. Escherichia Infections 381

31. Salmonella Infections 386

32. Campylobacter Infections 398

33. Leptospira Infections 402

34. Coxiella burnetii Infection 409

35. Listeria Infections 413

36. Clostridium Species and Botulism 417

37. Other Bacterial Infections 428

Section 3 Fungal and Yeast Infections 453

38. Aspergillosis 455

39. Yeast Infections 462

40. Other Fungal Infections 466

41. Harmful Algal Blooms including Cyanobacterial Toxicosis 476

42. Mycotoxicosis 482

Section 4 Prion Infections 487

43. Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies 489

Section 5 Appendices 497

Appendix 1. Some Wildlife Related Emerging Diseases (WiREDS) in Europe 499

Appendix 2. Selected Zoonotic Pathogens with European Wildlife Reservoirs/Hosts 501

Appendix 3. Selected Socio-Economically Important Wildlife Related Pathogens and Diseases in Europe 503

Appendix 4. Wildlife Pathogens with Arthropod Vectors 505

Appendix 5. Pathogens Suspected of Causing Wild Population Declines, or of Conservation Importance 506

Appendix 6. Diseases by Clinical Presentations, Mammals 507

Appendix 7. Diseases by Clinical Presentations, Birds 509

Appendix 8. Species (Family)-Specific Wildlife Diseases in Europe 511

Subject Index 513

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Infectious Diseases of Wild Mammals and Birds in Europe

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Table of Contents

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