Informants and Undercover Investigations: A Practical Guide to Law, Policy, and Procedure

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ISBN: 9780849304125 | 0849304121
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 1/24/2007

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Informants are an invaluable aspect of criminal investigations; however, they often present significant management challenges. Unstable and unpredictable at best, many are felons between prison sentences. In the necessarily clandestine world they inhabit, the imposition of institutional control presents unique challenges. Mistakes and mismanagement often occur in a vacuum until exposed by a high profile scandal. Lack of training and communication among law enforcement professionals condemn the same errors to be repeated time and again.

Informants and Sources Defined	p. 1
Generally	p. 1
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)	p. 2
Informants	p. 3
Cooperative Witness	p. 5
Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)	p. 7
Confidential Source (CS)	p. 8
Defendant/CS	p. 8
Restricted-Use CS	p. 8
Source of Information	p. 8
U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)	p. 9
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (BATF)	p. 11
Internal Revenue Service (IRS)	p. 12
U.S. Marshals Service (USMS)	p. 13
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)	p. 14
State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies	p. 15
References	p. 17
Motivations to Cooperate as an Informant	p. 19
Generally	p. 19
Money	p. 21
Fear of Punishment	p. 22
Fear of Criminal Associates and Revenge	p. 24
Citizen Informants	p. 25
Walk-In Informants	p. 29
Jailhouse Informants	p. 29
Furloughed Prisoners	p. 33
Repentance	p. 34
Excitement	p. 35
Police Buffs	p. 35
The Double Agent	p. 36
Unwitting Informants	p. 36
Brokered Informants	p. 37
References	p. 38
Recruiting Informants	p. 43
Ruby Ridge	p. 43
Factors in Recruiting	p. 44
Arrested Defendants	p. 45
Deportation and Cooperation	p. 49
Old Cases	p. 50
"Immunity" and Compelled Testimony	p. 51
Negotiated Plea Agreements	p. 53
Nonprosecution Agreements	p. 54
Prosecution after the Entry of an Immunity Order	p. 56
Use of Immunized Testimony in a Perjury or False Statement Prosecution	p. 56
Other Recruiting Strategies	p. 57
References	p. 58
Sources of Compensation for Informants	p. 63
Generally	p. 63
DEA Awards and Compensation to Cooperating Individuals	p. 64
Department of Justice Asset Forfeiture Fund	p. 65
Award Type I: 28 use [Section] 524(c)(1)(B)	p. 66
Award Type II: 28 USC [Section] 524(c)(1)(C)	p. 67
Tax Responsibilities	p. 68
Immigration and Customs Enforcement Awards and Compensation to Sources	p. 69
Federal Bureau of Investigation	p. 70
Citizen Cooperation	p. 70
Compensation for FBI Informants and Confidential Sources	p. 71
Informant Lawsuits	p. 72
Trafficker Directed Funds	p. 73
Whistle-Blowers	p. 74
Sharing of Federally Forfeited Property with State and Local Agencies	p. 76
Statutes Enforced by Federal Investigative Agencies That Permit Equitable Sharing with State and Local Agencies	p. 77
Voucher for Purchase of Evidence/Payment for Information/Services	p. 81
FBI Statistical Accomplishments Form	p. 82
References	p. 84
Cooperation and Contingency Fee Agreements	p. 87
5.1 Generally	p. 87
Proprietary Agreements	p. 94
Contingent Fee Agreements	p. 94
Contingent Fee Agreements and the Courts	p. 95
Fifth Circuit	p. 96
Eighth Circuit	p. 97
U.S. Attorney's Proffer to Informant's Attorney	p. 98
Contract	p. 99
Informant Letter Agreement	p. 100
U.S. Customs Proprietary Agreement	p. 103
U.S. Attorney's Ground Rules Letter to Informant's Attorney	p. 105
Informant Agreement and Waiver	p. 107
Plea and Cooperation Agreement	p. 108
References	p. 112
Informant Documentation and Identification	p. 115
Generally	p. 115
Documentation Data Format	p. 120
Informant Code Numbers and Assumed Names	p. 126
Once Documented, Who "Owns" the Informant?	p. 128
Source Identification Card	p. 130
Confidential Source Establishment Report DEA Form 512	p. 131
FBI Request to Open Cooperative Witness File	p. 135
FBI Informant Review Sheet	p. 137
FBI Supervisor's 60-Day Informant File Review Log	p. 138
References	p. 139
Undercover Purchases of Evidence by Informants and Probable Cause	p. 141
Generally	p. 141
The Controlled Undercover Purchase of Evidence	p. 142
Initial Informant Debriefing	p. 143
Search of Informant and Vehicle	p. 147
Funds Provided for the Purchase of Evidence	p. 148
Observation of the CI Entering and Exiting the Location	p. 148
Postbuy Informant Search	p. 149
Follow-Up Informant Debriefing	p. 149
Informant's Statement	p. 149
Informant Purchases	p. 151
Informant Introduction of Undercover Agent	p. 151
The DEA Raid Execution Process	p. 159
Operational Plan Format	p. 161
Evidence Fund Accounting Receipt	p. 163
References	p. 165
Corroboration of Informant Information	p. 171
Generally	p. 171
Surveillance	p. 172
Mail Covers	p. 173
"Trash Runs"	p. 173
Telephone Toll Records	p. 174
Credit Card and Financial Records	p. 176
Criminal History Record Systems	p. 176
Federal Systems	p. 177
State Systems	p. 179
Information Obtained from Public Record Sources	p. 180
Polygraph Examination of Informants	p. 182
DEA Source Debriefing Guide	p. 184
References	p. 198
Informants and Electronic Surveillance	p. 201
Generally	p. 201
Consensual Telephone Conversation Intercepts	p. 202
Concealed Transmitters and Recording Devices	p. 202
Concealed Transmitters	p. 203
Tape Recorders	p. 205
Establishing Consent	p. 205
Video Surveillance	p. 208
Use of Informants in Telephone Wiretaps	p. 209
"Nonhuman" Informants	p. 211
Customs Service Request for Authorization to Intercept Nontelephone Communications	p. 212
Monitoring/Interception of Consensual Communications Report of Use	p. 213
U.S. Customs Service Confirmation of Approval for Interception of Nontelephone Communications	p. 214
Certification of Consent	p. 215
References	p. 216
Controlling the Informant	p. 221
Generally	p. 221
Agents and Prosecutors	p. 223
Pressure to Recruit Informants	p. 232
The Prosecutor	p. 234
Investigations	p. 237
Governmental Liability for Torts Committed by Informants	p. 241
Applicable Federal Tort Claims Act (FTCA)	p. 241
Intentional Torts Exception	p. 242
The Entrapment Defense	p. 244
Confidential Informant Agreement	p. 247
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms Informant Agreement	p. 249
DOJ/DEA Cooperating Individual Agreement	p. 251
Confidential Source Acknowledgment	p. 252
FBI Authorization for Informant to Participate in Ordinary Criminal Activity	p. 253
FBI Informant Guidelines and Instructions	p. 254
References	p. 255
The Witness Security Program	p. 261
Historical Overview of the U.S. Witness Security Program (WITSEC)	p. 261
Truthful Testimony = Lifetime Protection	p. 261
A Two-Tiered Program	p. 263
Administration and Eligibility for the Witness Security Program	p. 264
Eligibility Requirements for the Witness Security Program	p. 264
Threat Assessment	p. 265
Risk Assessment	p. 265
Informants, Aliens, and Nonfederal Witnesses	p. 266
Illegal Aliens	p. 266
State and Local Witnesses	p. 267
Program Participants' Financial Obligations	p. 267
Psychological Testing and Evaluation	p. 268
Memorandum of Understanding	p. 268
Denying Admission to the Witness Security Program	p. 269
Entering the Program	p. 270
Safe-Site and Orientation Center	p. 271
Hiding in Plain Sight	p. 274
Requests for Witness to Return to Danger Area for Court Appearances, Pretrial Conferences, and Interviews	p. 274
WITSEC Participants as Informants	p. 275
Ejection from the WITSEC Program	p. 277
Short-Term Protection Program	p. 278
The Emergency Witness Assistance Program	p. 279
Witness Protection Alternatives Offered by Investigative Agencies	p. 280
Criminalizing Acts Taken against Witnesses	p. 280
Crimes Committed by WITSEC Participants	p. 281
Liability Issues at the State and Local Levels	p. 283
Prisoner-Witnesses	p. 285
Polygraph Examinations for Prisoner-Witness Candidates	p. 285
Utilization of Prisoners for Investigative Purposes	p. 286
References	p. 286
The Attorney General Guidelines Regarding the Use of Confidential Informants	p. 291
The Attorney General Guidelines on Federal Bureau of Investigation Undercover Operations	p. 319
Internal Revenue Services Manual: 9.4.2.5 Informants	p. 339
U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration: Chapter 66, Subsection Chapter 661, [Section] 6612 - Confidential Sources	p. 355
Example of Local Law Enforcement Policy Statement on Informant Handling	p. 387
Index	p. 399
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Informants and Undercover Investigations: A Practical Guide to Law, Policy, and Procedure

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