Injury Biomechanics and Control Optimal

Injury control, a new branch of engineering science, is developing rapidly, incorporating the fundamentals of biomechanics, engineering mechanics, and control design. This book covers optimal protection from impact, especially the prevention of injuries. The book's first part presents the fundamentals of impact, without specific reference to injury control. Building on the first part, the second part deals with particular injuries. Treating the human body as a multi-faceted engineering system, the coverage illustrates system designs to prevent injury under specific environmental conditions, whether in an automobile, aircraft, or military situation.

The late Walter D. Pilkey, PhD, was the Morse Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, with courtesy positions in Plastic Surgery and Neurosurgery at the University of Virginia. He received his BA, MS, and PhD from Washington State University, Purdue University, and Penn State University, respectively.

Dmitry V. Balandin, Dsc (Physics And Mathematics), is the Chair of Numerical and Functional Analysis at Nizhny Novgorod State University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia. His areas of expertise include shock isolation, automatic control, and theoretical mechanics. He received his MS, PhD, and DSc, from Nizhny Novgorod State University, Institute for Problems in Mechanics of the USSR Academy of Sciences, and Moscow State University, respectively.

Nikolai N. Bolotnik, Dsc (Physics And Mathematics), is the head of the Laboratory of Robotics and Mechatronics at the Institute for Problems in Mechanics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia. His areas of expertise include optimal control, shock isolation, and robotics. He received his MS, PhD, and DSc degrees from Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institute for Problems in Mechanics of the USSR Academy of Sciences, and Moscow State University, respectively.

Jeff R. Crandall, PhD, received his BA degree from Dartmouth College and his PhD from the University of Virginia, where he is currently a professor in the Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and Director of the Center for Applied Biomechanics. His research involves characterizing human response and injury during dynamic loading.

Sergey V. Purtsezov, PhD, received his MS and PhD degrees from the Nizhny Novgorod State University, Russia, and is presently a research scientist at the Center for Applied Biomechanics of the University of Virginia. His research interests include shock isolation, measurement, and modeling in biomechanics.

Preface
Introduction
Motivation for Writing this Book
The Structure of the Book
Related Studies
References
Fundamentals Of Impact And Shock Isolation
Shock Loading: Basic Models and Characteristics
External disturbance. Kinematic and dynamic disturbances
Shock disturbance
Instantaneous shock
Shock Isolation
Shock isolation of an object on a moving base
Shock isolation of a fixed base
The Isolator as a Control Medium. Active and Passive Isolators
Does Isolation of an Object from the Base Always Lead to a Reduction in the Shock Load Transmitted to the Object?
References
Basic Optimal Shock Isolation: Single Degree Of Freedom Systems
Basic Problems
Mechanical model. Equation of motion
Performance criteria
Statements of the optimal shock isolation problems
Reciprocity (duality) of optimization problems
Limiting Performance Analysis: Basic Concept and Analytical Results
Basic concept
Shock pulses with one excursion beyond the upper bound allowed for the control force. Constant force deceleration
Limiting performance curve
Limiting Performance Analysis: Computational Approach
Discretization of the Equation of Motion and the Performance Criteria
Numerical solution of Problem 3.1
Numerical Solution of Problem 3.2
Parametric Optimization
Basic concepts. Problem definitions
Parametric optimization of power-law isolators for an instantaneous shock pulse
Pre-acting Control for Shock Isolators
Basic concept. Statements of the problems
Limiting performance analysis. Instantaneous shock
Parametric optimization of a pre-acting shock isolator
Best and Worst Disturbance Analyses
Basic concept. Statement of the optimal control problems
Best and worst disturbance analyses for a system with a linear spring-and-dashpot isolator
Rational design of sled test standards
References
Optimal Shock Isolation For Multi Degree Of Freedom Systems
Optimal Shock Isolation for a Two-Component
Viscoelastic Object
Statement of the problem
Rigid body model
Construction of the optimal control for the two-body model based on the optimal control for the rigid model
Near-optimal control for the two-body model based on the optimal control for the rigid model
Constant-force control versus the optimal control
Optimal Shock Isolation for Three-Component Structures
Introduction
Shock isolation of a rigid object
Shock isolation of a multi-body object
References
Spinal Injury Control
Description of the Model
Minimization of the Occupant's Displacement subject to a Constraint Imposed on the Spinal
Compressive Force
Statement of the problem
Solution
Trade-off curve. Reciprocal problem
Maximum spinal compressive force in the absence of a shock isolator
Spinal Injury Control System with two Shock Isolators
MADYMO Simulation for the Limiting Performance Analysis
Model configuration and statement of the problem
Solution procedure
Conclusions
References
Thoracic Injury Control
Smart Restraint Systems
Basic Concept of Restraint Force Control
Model description
Limiting performance
Passive linear elastic isolator
Linear elastic isolator with controlled tension
Sensitivity analysis of the open-loop control of the attachment
Feedback control for the attachment point motion
Limiting Performance Analysis for the Prevention of Thoracic Injuries in a Frontal Car Crash
Thoracic injury model and criteria
Statement of the problem
Solution plan. An auxiliary problem
Numerical results
Feedback Control of the Elastic Restraint Force on the Basis of the Two-mass Thorax Injury Model
Determination of the optimal motion of the restraint attachment point
Sensitivity analysis
Feedback control of the restraint force
Constant force control
Conclusions
References
Head Injury Control
Head Injury Criterion: Historical Perspectives
Minimization of the Deceleration Distance for Constrained HIC
Statement of the optimal control problem
Construction of the solution
Analysis and discussion of the results
Minimization of the HIC for Constrained Deceleration Distance
Alternative Control Laws
Constant force deceleration
Power-law deceleration
Comparison of the optimal and alternative control laws
References
Injury Control For Wheelchair Occupants
Introduction
Optimal Shock Isolation of Single-Degree-of-Freedom System
Mathematical model
Optimal control
Simulation Using MADYMO
Model structure and parameters
Goals of simulation
Response criteria
Simulation technique
Input data
Results
Discussion
References
Index
Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved.

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Injury Biomechanics and Control Optimal Protection from Impact

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