Inklings of Democracy in China

the heart of the analysis. Nonideological criteria are used to assess the success of the Chinese approach to building a fair, just, and decent society.

Introduction

1

(8)

How Do We Know What Democracy Is?

9

(31)

Who defines democracy?

9

(3)

Democracy as a social construct

12

(2)

Dominance of the Western liberal democratic concept

14

(2)

Ethnocentriciry of the Western definition of democracy

16

(8)

Cultural relativism

24

(7)

The balance between equality and freedom

31

(9)

China's Traditional Political Culture

40

(20)

Late Imperial China and the Republican Period

60

(20)

The form and values of democracy

63

(5)

The means to achieve democracy

68

(1)

A new meaning of democracy

69

(3)

The adoption of an alternative ideal

72

(8)

The Relevance of Political Culture to Establishing a Democratic Political System

80

(40)

Why choose democracy?

81

(2)

From where do ideas for democratization come?

83

(8)

Development, democracy, and culture

91

(2)

Development, democracy, and decentralization

93

(2)

The historical sequencing of democratization: the problem of latecomers

95

(18)

Conclusion

113

(7)

Individual Rights, Democracy, and a Cohesive Community

120

(62)

Individual freedom

125

(1)

How should we think about rights and freedom?

126

(7)

Do the Chinese feel freer than they did before 1949?

133

(9)

Do the Chinese feel freer than they did in 1979?

142

(35)

Conclusions: China's gradual expansion of rights and democracy

177

(5)

The Institutionalization of Procedural Democracy

182

(76)

Village elections and self governance

183

(37)

Urban elections: neighborhood residents' and property-owners' committees

220

(8)

The selection of leaders

228

(2)

Greater legal protections and rights for individuals

230

(21)

The growing rights and powers of the legislative branch

251

(4)

Conclusions

255

(3)

China's Developing Civil Society: Associations and Interest Groups

258

(60)

A multiparty system

260

(3)

The relative importance of parties versus associations or interest groups

263

(12)

The relevance of political parties to democracy

275

(5)

Corporatism

280

(23)

Democracy and a multiplicity of associations

303

(8)

Conclusions: associational or interest pluralism in China

311

(7)

The Clientelist Relationship of Intellectuals with the Party-State and the Capitalist Class

318

(35)

The diversity of perspectives among intellectuals

331

(7)

Cultural intellectuals and state patronage

338

(10)

The contribution of intellectuals to civil society

348

(5)

Fair and Consistent Standards for Evaluating Freedom and Democracy in China

353

(42)

Appendix

Surveys Conducted in China

383

(12)

Reference Matter

Bibliography

395

(24)

Glossary of Terms

419

(2)

Index

421

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Inklings of Democracy in China

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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