Innovative and Emerging Technologies for Textile Dyeing and Finishing

With the public enhanced awareness towards eco-preservation, eco-safety and health concerns, environmentally benign, nontoxic and sustainable bioresource materials produced mainly from non-food crops have revolutionized all industrial sectors particularly textile industry. In recent years, textile industries in developed countries are getting increasing interest in global interest due to the varied and changing world market conditions in terms of price, durability and fiber mixtures as well as design, colors, weight, ease of handling and product safety. The increasing environmental and health concerns owing to the use of large quantities of water and hazardous chemicals in conventional textile finishing processes lead to the design and development of new dyeing strategies and technologies. Effluents produced from these textiles wet processing industries are very diverse in chemical composition, ranging from inorganic finishing agents, surfactants, chlorine compounds, salts, total phosphate to polymers and organic products.

This aspect forced western countries to exploit their high technical skills in the advancements of textile materials for high quality technical performances, and development of cleaner production technologies for cost effective and value-added textile materials. Therefore, vast and effective research investigations have been undertaken all over the world to minimize the negative environmental impact of synthetic chemical agents through the sustainable harvest of eco-friendly bioresource materials.

The book will discuss following research developments in academic and industry:

• Improvement in dye extraction and its applications
• Impact of textile dyeing on environment
• Textile finishing by natural and ecofriendly means
• Natural dyes as environmental-friendly bioresource products
• Textile effluent remediation via physical, chemical and biological processes.

Preface xv

1 Eco-Friendly Stimuli and Their Impact on the Tinctorial Capacity of Textile Materials 1
Vasilica Popescu and Luminita Ciobanu

1.1 Introduction 2

1.2 Characterization of Ultrasound Physical Stimuli 2

1.2.1 Ultrasonic Equipment 3

1.2.2 Effects of Ultrasound in Liquid Mediums 4

1.2.3 Types of Ultrasound Cavitation 6

1.2.4 The Action of Ultrasound on Polymers 7

1.2.5 Applications of Ultrasound in Textile Finishing 8

1.2.5.1 Ultrasound-Assisted Washing of Textile Materials 9

1.2.5.2 Ultrasound-Assisted Pre-Treatments (Scouring, Bleaching) 9

1.2.5.3 Ultrasound as Physical Stimulus for Textile Dyeing 11

1.2.5.4 Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction and Dyeing Using Natural Dyes 11

1.2.5.5 Ultrasound-Assisted Dyeing Using Synthetic Dyes 13

1.2.5.6 Ultrasound-Assisted Aftertreatments 25

1.2.5.7 Advantages and Disadvantages of Ultrasound 25

1.3 Microwave as Stimulus for the Textile Wet Processes 26

1.3.1 Characterization of Microwaves 26

1.3.2 Applications of Microwaves 26

1.3.3 Microwave Ovens 27

1.3.3.1 Working Principle of the Microwave Oven 27

1.3.4 Microwaves Working Principle for Wet Processes in the Textile Industry 28

1.3.5 Factors and Analyses that Highlight the Effects of Microwaves on Textile Wet Processes 29

1.3.6 Eco-Friendly Microwave-Assisted Dyeing Process of Acrylic Knitted Fabrics 30

1.3.6.1 Characterization of the Stages of the Eco-Friendly Microwave-Assisted Process 31

1.3.6.2 Modifications of Acrylic Fibers under the Action of Microwaves 33

1.4 Conclusions 38

References 39

2 Skincare Finishes to Textiles 45
Angela Danila and Laura Chirila

2.1 Introduction 45

2.2 Types of Skincare Textiles 48

2.2.1 Textiles with UV Protection Properties 48

2.2.2 Textiles With Antimicrobial Properties 50

2.2.3 Textiles with Anti-Cellulite Properties 51

2.2.4 Textiles with Antioxidant Properties 52

2.2.5 Textiles With Anti-Aging Properties 54

2.2.6 Textiles With Moisturizing Properties 55

2.2.7 Textiles With Flavoring Properties 57

2.2.8 Textiles With Refreshing and Relaxing Properties 73

2.3 Techniques for Skincare Compounds Embedding 74

2.4 Techniques for Microparticles Applying on Textile Supports 76

2.5 Conclusion 79

References 79

3 Recent Advances in Synthetic Dyes 91
Suhail Ayoub Khan, Daud Hussain and Tabrez Alam Khan

3.1 Introduction 91

3.2 Synthetic Dyes in Textile Coloration 92

3.3 Synthetic Dyes in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 99

3.4 Synthetic Dyes in Liquid Crystal Display 102

3.5 Synthetic Dyes in Fluorescent Sensors 105

3.6 Synthetic Dyes in the Detection of G-Quadruplex DNA 106

3.7 Conclusion 107

References 107

4 Natural Dye Extraction and Dyeing of Different Fibers: A Review 113
Bota, Sanda and Indrie, Liliana

4.1 Introduction 114

4.2 Classification of Natural Dyes 116

4.2.1 Sources of Natural Dye 117

4.2.2 Classification According to Method of Application 117

4.2.3 Based in Chemical Structure 118

4.3 Color-Based Classification 122

4.4 Dyeing With Natural Color From Calendula offcinalis 124

4.5 Extraction of Natural Dyes 125

4.6 Dyeing Methods 127

4.6.1 Mordanting Methods 127

4.6.2 Dyeing Methods 130

4.7 Conclusions 131

References 131

5 Airflow, Foam, and Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Dyeing Technologies 137
Molla Tadesse Abate and Melkie Getnet Tadesse

5.1 Introduction 137

5.2 Airflow Dyeing Technology 138

5.2.1 Airflow Dyeing Process 140

5.2.2 Airflow Dyeing Steps 140

5.2.3 Airflow Dyeing Machines 141

5.2.4 Advantages of Airflow Dyeing 143

5.3 Foam Dyeing Technology 145

5.3.1 Principle of Foam Dyeing 146

5.3.2 Foam and Properties 146

5.3.3 Foam Processing Steps 147

5.3.4 Foam Dyeing of Textiles 149

5.3.5 Advantages of Foam Dyeing Technology 151

5.4 Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Dyeing Technology 152

5.4.1 Physicochemical Properties of scCO₂ 153

5.4.2 The Supercritical CO₂ Dyeing Process 154

5.4.3 Mechanism of Dyeing in scCO₂—A Focus on Polyester 156

5.4.4 Supercritical CO₂ Dyeing of Other Synthetic Fibers 157

5.4.5 Supercritical CO₂ Dyeing of Natural Fibers 158

5.4.6 Advantages of scCO₂ Dyeing Technology 158

5.5 Conclusion 159

References 160

6 Colored Nanofiber Production: A Literature Review and Case Study 165
Derman Vatansever Bayramol, Rıza Atav, Ahmet Özgür Ağırgan and Aylin Yıldız

6.1 Introduction 166

6.2 Electrospinning 170

6.2.1 Historical Background 170

6.2.2 Solution Electrospinning 172

6.2.3 Melt Electrospinning 173

6.3 Colored Nanofiber Production 175

6.4 A Case Study: Silver Cyclohexane Mono Carboxylate: β-Cyclodextrine Inclusion Complex Doped Colored Functional Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Nanoweb Production 177

6.4.1 Introduction 177

6.4.2 Material and Methods 179

6.4.3 Results and Discussions 180

6.4.3.1 Results Related to the Production of Ag-CC:β-CD Doped PVA Nanofibers 180

6.4.3.2 Results Related to the Production of Ag-CC:β-CD Doped Colored PVA Nanofibers 183

6.5 Conclusion 184

Acknowledgements 185

References 185

7 The Effect of Plasma Treatment on Dyeing of Natural Fibers 191
Maryam Naebe, Abu Naser Md Ahsanul Haque and Aminoddin Haji

7.1 Introduction 191

7.2 Types of Plasma 192

7.3 Plasma Application on Natural Fibers 194

7.3.1 Cotton 194

7.3.2 Wool 200

7.3.3 Other Natural Fibers 204

7.4 Environmental Impact 206

7.5 Conclusions 207

References 208

8 The Effect of Plasma Treatment on Dyeing of Synthetic Fibers 213
Aminoddin Haji, Abu Naser Md Ahsanul Haque and Maryam Naebe

8.1 Introduction 213

8.2 Mechanism of Plasma Interaction With the Substrate 215

8.3 Achievable Functionalities by Plasma Application 217

8.3.1 Wettability 217

8.3.2 Dyeing and Printability 217

8.3.3 Desizing 217

8.3.4 Cleaning and Sterilization 218

8.3.5 Adhesion Enhancement 218

8.3.6 Hydrophobicity 218

8.3.7 Other Finishing Effects 218

8.4 Application on Synthetic Fibers 219

8.4.1 Polyester 219

8.4.2 Nylon 223

8.4.3 Polypropylene 225

8.4.4 Acrylic 227

8.5 The Current Standpoint of Plasma Application 227

8.6 Conclusions 228

References 228

9 Ozone-Based Finishing of Textile Materials 235
M. İbrahim Bahtiyari and Ayşegül Körlü

9.1 Introduction 235

9.1.1 Solutions that can be Applied for Sustainable and Environmentally Friendly Production 237

9.2 Application of Ozone in Textile Finishing 239

9.2.1 General Approach to Ozone Gas 239

9.2.1.1 Physical and Chemical Features of Ozone 240

9.2.1.2 Generation of the Ozone Gas 242

9.2.2 Applications—Usages of Ozone Gas 243

9.2.2.1 Ozone Applications in Pretreatment of Textile Materials 244

9.2.2.2 Ozone Applications in Coloration of Textile Materials 251

9.3 Conclusion with Future Expectation 257

References 258

10 Ultrasound-Based Wet Processes in Textile Industry 265
Ayşegül Körlü and M. İbrahim Bahtiyari

10.1 Introduction 265

10.2 Application of Ultrasound in Textile Finishing 267

10.2.1 Ultrasonic Pretreatment of Textile Materials 271

10.2.1.1 Pretreatment of Cellulosic Fibers With the Help of Ultrasound 272

10.2.1.2 Pretreatment of Protein-Based Fibers With the Help of Ultrasound 275

10.2.1.3 Pretreatment of Synthetic Fibers With the Help of Ultrasound 276

10.2.2 Ultrasonic Coloration of Textile Materials 277

10.2.2.1 Ultrasound in Coloration of Cellulosic Fibers 278

10.2.2.2 Ultrasound in Coloration of Protein-Based Fibers 280

10.2.2.3 Ultrasound in Coloration of Synthetic Fibers 281

10.2.3 Ultrasonic Finishing of Textile Materials 283

10.2.3.1 Ultrasound in Finishing of Cellulosic Fibers 284

10.2.3.2 Ultrasound in Finishing of Protein-Based Fibers 286

10.2.3.3 Ultrasound in Finishing of Synthetic Fibers 287

10.3 Conclusion With Future Expectation 289

References 290

11 Synthetic and Natural UV Protective Agents for Textile Finishing 301
Anuradha Sankaran, Arpana Kamboj, Lata Samant and Seiko Jose

11.1 Introduction 302

11.2 Role of Textiles in Protective Clothing 303

11.3 Factors Influencing Ultraviolet Radiation 305

11.3.1 Ozone 305

11.3.2 Cloud Cover 305

11.3.3 Air Quality 306

11.3.4 Altitude 306

11.3.5 Latitude 306

11.3.6 Surface Reflection 306

11.3.7 Water Depth 307

11.4 Susceptibility of Various Textiles on UV Radiations 307

11.5 Method of Analysis and Standard 308

11.5.1 Global Solar UV Index (UVI) 309

11.5.2 Australian/New Zealand Standard AS/NZS 4399-2017 310

11.6 Synthetic Organic Compounds for UV Protection of Textiles 310

11.7 Ultraviolet Protection of Textiles From Natural Dyes 314

11.8 Nanotechnological Interventions in UV Protective Textiles 315

11.8.1 UV Protection of Nano-ZnO on Textiles 315

11.8.2 UV Protection of Nano-TiO₂ on Textiles 316

11.8.3 UV Protection of Nanosilver on Textiles 317

11.9 Graphene as UV Blocker for Textiles 317

11.10 Conclusion 319

References 319

12 Hydrophobic and Oleophobic Finishes for Textiles 325
Laura Chirila and Angela Danila

12.1 Introduction 326

12.2 Textiles With Special Wettability Properties 328

12.2.1 Surface Wetting Theories 328

12.2.2 Liquid Repellent Coating Design Factors 331

12.2.2.1 Surface Chemistry 332

12.2.3 Surface Roughness 332

12.3 Liquid Repellent Treatments of Textile Materials 332

12.3.1 Coatings Based on C8 Fluorinated for Super/Hydrophobic and Super/Oleophobic Treatments of Textile Materials 334

12.3.2 Sustainable Super/Hydrophobic and Super/Oleophobic Treatments for Textiles 334

12.3.2.1 Coatings Based on ≤C6 Fluorinated for Super/Hydrophobic and Super/Oleophobic Treatments of Textile Materials 337

12.3.2.2 Coatings Based on Non-Fluorinated for Super/Hydrophobic and Super/Oleophobic Treatments of Textile Materials 346

12.4 Characterization Methods of Repellency Degree 361

12.4.1 Contact Angle Measurement 361

12.4.2 Standardized Tests 362

12.5 Properties Desired of Liquid-Repellent Coatings 363

12.6 Environmental Impact 363

12.7 Conclusions 365

References 367

13 Flame Retardant Finish for Textile Fibers 373
Nur-Us-Shafa Mazumder and Mohammad Tajul Islam

13.1 Introduction 373

13.2 Importance of Flame Retardant Finish 374

13.3 Factors Affecting the Flammability of Textiles 375

13.3.1 Fabric Construction 375

13.3.2 Textile Fibers 376

13.3.3 Types of Polymer 376

13.4 Mechanism of Combustion of Textile Fibers 377

13.5 Flame Retardants 378

13.5.1 Mode of Action 379

13.5.1.1 Gas-Phase Mode 379

13.5.1.2 Condensed-Phase Mode 379

13.5.1.3 Other Mode 380

13.5.2 Flame Retardant Chemicals 380

13.5.2.1 Halogen-Based Flame Retardants 381

13.5.2.2 Phosphorus-Based Flame Retardants 381

13.5.2.3 Nitrogen-Based Flame Retardants 383

13.5.2.4 Silicon-Based Flame Retardants 384

13.5.2.5 Nanocomposites 384

13.6 Flame Retardant Finish for Different Polymers 386

13.6.1 Flame Retardant Finish for Cellulosic Polymer 386

13.6.1.1 Non-Durable Flame Retardant Finish for Cellulosic Polymer 387

13.6.1.2 Durable Flame Retardant Finish for Cellulosic Polymer 388

13.6.2 Flame Retardant Finish for Protein Polymer 391

13.6.3 Flame Retardant Finish for Synthetic Polymer 392

13.7 Different Flame Retardant Techniques 394

13.7.1 Intumescent Flame Retardant Techniques 394

13.7.2 Layer-by-Layer Flame Retardant Techniques 394

13.7.3 Sol–Gel Flame Retardant Techniques 395

13.8 Assessment of Flame Retardancy 396

13.9 Application of Flame Retardant Textiles 396

13.10 Environmental Issues and Sustainable Flame Retardants 400

References 401

Index 407

The New copy of this book will include any supplemental materials advertised. Please check the title of the book to determine if it should include any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.

The Used, Rental and eBook copies of this book are not guaranteed to include any supplemental materials. Typically, only the book itself is included. This is true even if the title states it includes any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.