Innovative Urban Wet-Weather Flow Management Systems

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ISBN: 9781566769143 | 1566769140
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 6/27/2000

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The result of extensive research, Innovative Urban Wet-Weather Flow Management Systems looks at how to handle runoff in developments of the 21st century: the conflicting objectives of providing drainage while decreasing stormwater pollutant discharges; the impact of urban WWF on surface and groundwater; sediment transport and the toxic effects of WWF on aquatic organisms; and the effectiveness of WWF controls. The book focuses on how source controls like biofiltration, created through simple grading, may work in newly developing areas, while critical source areas like an auto service facilities, may need more extensive treatment strategies.

Preface	p. xxi
Acknowledgments	p. xxiii
Tables	p. xxv
Figures	p. xxix
Abbreviations and Symbols	p. xxxv
Introduction	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Principles of Integrated Urban Water Management	p. 1
Sustainable Urban Water Management	p. 1
Source Characterization	p. 2
Receiving Water and Other Impacts	p. 2
Collection Systems	p. 3
Assessment of Stormwater Best Management Practice Effectiveness	p. 3
Stormwater Storage-Treatment-Reuse Systems	p. 3
Urban Stormwater and Watershed Management: A Case Study	p. 4
Cost Analysis and Financing of Urban Water Infrastructure	p. 4
Institutional Arrangements	p. 5
Principles of Integrated Urban Water Management	p. 7
Introduction	p. 7
The Neighborhood Spatial Scale	p. 7
Trends in Urbanization	p. 7
Historical Patterns	p. 7
Impact of the Automobile	p. 8
Impact of Subdivision Regulations	p. 11
Contemporary Neighborhoods and Urban Sprawl	p. 11
Historical Infrastructure Development Patterns	p. 13
Interceptor Sewers and Urban Sprawl	p. 14
Federal Housing and Urban Development Programs	p. 15
Federal Transportation Programs	p. 16
Summary of the Impacts of Federal Urban Programs	p. 16
Possible New Approaches	p. 17
Neo-traditional Neighborhoods	p. 17
Related EPA Activities Dealing with Urban Growth Patterns	p. 19
Green Development	p. 19
Studies of Chesapeake Bay	p. 20
Brownfield Redevelopment	p. 21
Sustainability Principles for Urban Infrastructure	p. 22
Sustainability and Optimal Size of Infrastructure Systems	p. 24
Models for Evaluating Future Infrastructure	p. 25
Research Initiatives Related to Urban Infrastructure	p. 26
Transportation/Land Use Strategies to Alleviate Congestion	p. 27
Projected Future Trends	p. 27
Origins of Stormwater in Urban Areas	p. 28
Introduction	p. 28
Rainfall-Runoff Relationships at the Neighborhood Scale	p. 28
Previous Studies of Imperviousness	p. 31
Sources of Urban Runoff	p. 34
Categories of Urban Catchments	p. 34
How Imperviousness Varies for Different Types of Urban Developments	p. 36
Pre-Automobile Neighborhoods	p. 37
Imperviousness in Pre-Automobile Era	p. 41
Pre-Expressway Neighborhoods	p. 41
Results for Pre-Expressway Era	p. 41
Post-Expressway Neighborhoods	p. 41
General Conclusions Regarding the Effect of Changing Land Use	p. 45
Components of Urban Land Use and Stormwater Problems	p. 51
Streets and Highways	p. 51
Street Classification and Utilization	p. 54
Recommendations for Residential Streets	p. 54
Streets and Stormwater Runoff	p. 55
Parking	p. 55
Lot Size	p. 59
Dwelling Unit Footprint	p. 59
Covered Porches and Patios	p. 60
Garages and Carports	p. 60
Driveways	p. 60
Attached, Front Facing Garage	p. 61
Attached, Side or Rear Facing Garage	p. 61
Detached Garage in Rear of Lot	p. 61
Pervious Area on Property	p. 61
Alleys	p. 62
Sidewalks	p. 62
Curb and Gutter and Swales	p. 63
Planting Strip Between Street and Sidewalk	p. 63
Overall Right of Way	p. 63
Will Americans Reduce Auto Use?	p. 64
Summary and Conclusions	p. 64
References	p. 66
Sustainable Urban Water Management	p. 75
Introduction	p. 75
Systems View of Urban Water Management	p. 75
Sustainability Principles of Urban Water Infrastructure	p. 77
Urban Water Budget	p. 80
Literature Review	p. 80
Dry Weather Urban Water Budget	p. 82
Indoor Urban Residential Water Use	p. 83
Toilet Flushing	p. 87
Clothes Washing	p. 88
Showers and Baths	p. 88
Faucet Use	p. 88
Dishwashers	p. 88
Water Use for Cooling	p. 89
Outdoor Urban Residential Water Use	p. 89
Infiltration and Inflow	p. 91
Summary of Sources of Dry-Weather Flow into Sanitary and Combined Sewers	p. 91
Quantities of Precipitation in Urban Areas	p. 94
Results of Water Budget Case Studies	p. 94
Arizona	p. 94
Germany	p. 98
Melborne, Australia	p. 99
Adelaide, Australia	p. 100
Simulated Monthly Urban Water Budgets for Denver and New York	p. 105
General	p. 105
Water Use	p. 105
Indoor Water Use	p. 105
Outdoor Water Use	p. 106
Total Water Use	p. 106
Wastewater	p. 109
Stormwater Runoff	p. 112
Summary Water Budgets	p. 112
Future Urban Water Scenarios	p. 113
References	p. 117
Source Characterization	p. 121
The Source Concept	p. 121
Sources and Characteristics of Urban Runoff Pollutants	p. 122
Chemical Quality of Rocks and Soils	p. 125
Street Dust and Dirt Pollutant Sources	p. 126
Characteristics	p. 126
Street Dirt Accumulation	p. 128
Washoff of Street Dirt	p. 132
Observed Particle Size Distributions in Stormwater	p. 147
Atmospheric Sources of Urban Runoff Pollutants	p. 148
Source Area Sheetflow and Particulate Quality	p. 155
Source Area Particulate Quality	p. 155
Warm Weather Sheetflow Quality	p. 155
Other Pollutant Contributions to the Storm Drainage System	p. 168
Sources of Stormwater Toxicants	p. 168
Analyses and Sampling	p. 169
Potential Sources	p. 173
Results	p. 173
References	p. 180
Receiving Water and Other Impacts	p. 185
Desired Water Uses versus Stormwater Impacts	p. 185
Toxicological Effects of Stormwater	p. 186
Ecological Effects of Stormwater	p. 187
Fate of Stormwater Pollutants in Surface Waters	p. 192
Human Health Effects of Stormwater	p. 193
Groundwater Impacts from Stormwater Infiltration	p. 194
Constituents of Concern	p. 194
Nutrients	p. 194
Pesticides	p. 194
Other Organics	p. 195
Pathogenic Microorganisms	p. 196
Heavy Metals and Other Inorganic Compounds	p. 196
Salts	p. 197
Recommendations to Protect of Groundwater During Stormwater Infiltration	p. 197
References	p. 204
Collection Systems	p. 211
Introduction	p. 211
Problems Commonly Associated with Present Day Collection Systems	p. 213
Combined Sewer Systems	p. 214
Inflow and Infiltration	p. 216
Inflow	p. 216
Infiltration	p. 217
Inflow/Infiltration Analysis and Design Challenges	p. 218
Sanitary Sewer Overflows	p. 228
Separate Stormwater Collection Systems and Nonpoint Sources	p. 230
Solids and Their Effect on Sewer Design and Operation	p. 231
Predicting Pollutant Transport in Collection Systems	p. 235
Characteristics and Treatability of Solids in Collection Systems	p. 236
Innovative Collection System Design--The State of the Art	p. 236
Current Innovative Technologies--Review of Case Studies	p. 237
Data Management, SCADA, Real Time Control	p. 237
Sanitary Sewer Technology--Vacuum Sewers	p. 239
Low Pressure Sewers	p. 240
Small-Diameter Gravity Sewers	p. 243
Black water/Gray water Separation Systems	p. 243
Waste/Source Separation	p. 243
Composting	p. 245
Combined Systems for the Future?	p. 245
Future Directions: Collection Systems of the 21st Century	p. 245
Future Collection System Scenarios	p. 246
High Density Areas	p. 246
Suburban Development	p. 246
References	p. 248
Assessment of Stormwater Best Management Practice Effectiveness	p. 255
Introduction	p. 255
Objectives in the Use of Best Management Practices for Stormwater Quality Management	p. 256
Nonstructural Best Management Practices	p. 259
Structural Best Management Practices	p. 260
Minimized Directly Connected Impervious Area	p. 260
Water Quality Inlets	p. 262
Infiltration Practices	p. 262
Filter Basins and Filter Inlets	p. 263
Swirl-Type Concentrators	p. 263
Extended Detention Basins	p. 263
Retention Ponds	p. 263
Wetlands	p. 264
Stormwater Quality Management Hydrology	p. 264
An Assessment of Best Management Practice Effectiveness	p. 266
Non-Structural Best Management Practices	p. 266
Pollutant Source Controls	p. 267
Public Education and Citizen Involvement Programs	p. 268
Street Sweeping, Leaf Pickup, and Deicing Programs	p. 269
Local Government Rules and Regulations	p. 269
Elimination of Illicit Discharges	p. 269
Structural Best Management Practices: Design Considerations	p. 270
Local Climate	p. 270
Design Storm	p. 270
Nature of Pollutants	p. 270
Operation and Maintenance	p. 272
On-Site or Regional Control	p. 272
Structural Best Management Practices: Performance	p. 273
Minimized Directly Connected Impervious Area	p. 273
Grass Swales	p. 274
Grass Buffer Strips	p. 274
Porous Pavement	p. 275
Percolation Trenches	p. 275
Infiltration Basins	p. 276
Media Filter Basins and Filter Inlets	p. 276
Water Quality Inlets	p. 277
Swirl-Type Concentrators	p. 278
Extended Detention Basins	p. 278
Retention Ponds	p. 279
Wetlands	p. 280
Summary on Best Management Practice Effectiveness	p. 282
Nonstructural Best Management Practices	p. 282
Structural Best Management Practices	p. 283
The Definition of Effectiveness	p. 283
Research and Design Technology Development Needs	p. 284
Design Robustness	p. 285
Runoff Impacts Mitigation	p. 285
Summary of the Usability of the Evaluated BMPs	p. 287
Stormwater Systems of the Future	p. 289
Use of Combined Wastewater and Storm Sewer Systems	p. 290
Use of Separate Stormwater Systems	p. 291
Closing Remarks	p. 293
References	p. 295
Stormwater Storage-Treatment-Reuse Systems	p. 301
Introduction	p. 301
Stormwater Treatment	p. 301
Effect of Initial Concentration	p. 301
Effect of Change of Storage	p. 301
Effect of Mixing Regime	p. 301
Effect of Nature of the Suspended Solids	p. 302
Essential Features of Future Wet-Weather Control Facilities	p. 302
High-Rate Operation of Wastewater Treatment Plants	p. 302
Stormwater Reuse Systems	p. 302
Introduction	p. 302
Previous Studies	p. 303
Estimating the Demand for Urban Irrigation Water	p. 307
Urban Water Budgets	p. 307
Water Budget Concepts	p. 308
Methods of Analysis	p. 311
Results	p. 315
Conclusions	p. 322
References	p. 323
Urban Stormwater and Watershed Management: A Case Study	p. 329
Overview	p. 329
Watershed Planning Methodologies	p. 329
Contemporary Principles of Watershed Management	p. 330
American Water Resources Association	p. 330
Water Environment Federation	p. 331
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency	p. 331
Case Study of Urban Stormwater Management within a Watershed Framework	p. 331
Introduction	p. 331
Hydrology	p. 332
Introduction	p. 332
Precipitation Analysis	p. 335
Streamflow Stations	p. 336
North Boulder Creek	p. 336
Middle Boulder Creek	p. 336
South Boulder Creek	p. 344
Groundwater	p. 345
Land Use and Growth Management in Boulder Valley	p. 345
General	p. 345
Relative Importance of Urban Land Use	p. 346
Water Management Infrastructure	p. 351
Storage	p. 351
Canals	p. 351
Control Works	p. 351
Pipelines	p. 352
Imports and Exports	p. 352
Current Water Management System	p. 352
Water Quantity	p. 352
Municipal Water Supply and Wastewater Return	p. 352
Agricultural Water Supply	p. 353
Flood Control	p. 353
Greenway Program	p. 356
Hydropower	p. 359
In-stream Flow Needs	p. 359
Importation of Water	p. 361
Overall Water Budget for Boulder	p. 361
Sources	p. 362
Sinks	p. 362
Annual Water Budget	p. 362
Monthly Water Budget	p. 363
Daily Water Budget	p. 368
Hourly Water Budget	p. 368
Conclusions Drawn from the Water Budget	p. 371
Urban Stormwater Quality	p. 372
Stormwater Pollution in Boulder	p. 372
Agricultural Water Quality	p. 372
Forest Fires	p. 372
Highway Runoff	p. 372
Mining Runoff	p. 372
Urban Stormwater Quality	p. 372
Recreation and Water Quality in Boulder Creek	p. 374
Wastewater Characteristics	p. 374
Removal Efficiencies	p. 378
Sanitary Sewer Overflows	p. 378
Overall Receiving Water Quality Impacts	p. 378
Upper Section--Boulder Creek Immediately Above the City	p. 382
Middle Section--Boulder Creek at 28th St	p. 382
Lower Section--Boulder Creek Below 75th St	p. 382
Risk-Based Analysis of Urban Runoff Quality	p. 383
Covariance Between Concentration and Flow	p. 384
Covariance Between Upstream Flow and Urban Runoff	p. 384
References	p. 388
Cost Analysis and Financing of Urban Water Infrastructure	p. 391
Introduction	p. 391
Demand for Water Infrastructure	p. 391
Effect of Density on Imperviousness	p. 391
Effect of Density on Pipe Length	p. 391
Water Supply	p. 396
Wastewater	p. 397
Stormwater	p. 397
Optimal Scale of the Urban Water System	p. 397
Costs of Infrastructure Components	p. 401
Cost of Piping	p. 401
Cost of Treatment	p. 408
Cost of Storage	p. 411
Summary of Costs for Urban Stormwater Systems	p. 413
Financing Methods	p. 413
Tax Funded System	p. 414
Service Charge-Funded System	p. 415
Exactions and Impact Fees	p. 416
Special Assessment Districts	p. 416
Conclusions on Finance	p. 416
References	p. 417
Institutional Arrangements	p. 421
Introduction	p. 421
Existing Models of Stormwater Management Institutions	p. 421
Required Characteristics of Stormwater Management Institutions	p. 424
Specific Issues to Be Addressed by Stormwater Management Institutions	p. 425
Financing	p. 425
Staffing: Interdisciplinary Approach	p. 427
Administrative Authority	p. 427
Regulatory Flexibility	p. 428
Clear Regulations and Standards	p. 428
Legal Challenges	p. 430
Regional Solutions	p. 430
Total Risk Management	p. 431
Maintenance	p. 432
Monitoring/Evaluation	p. 432
Modeling and Performance Auditing	p. 433
Nonstructural Source Control Strategies	p. 434
Retrofitting	p. 434
Technology Transfer	p. 435
Guidance for Practices Such as Riparian Corridor Preservation and Restoration	p. 435
Public Involvement and Education	p. 437
Conclusion	p. 437
References	p. 439
Summary and Conclusions	p. 443
Summary and Conclusions	p. 443
Principles of Integrated Urban Water Management	p. 443
Sustainable Urban Water Management	p. 443
Source Characterization	p. 443
Receiving Water and Other Impacts	p. 444
Collection Systems	p. 445
Assessments of Stormwater Best Management Practices Technology	p. 445
Stormwater Storage-Treatment-Reuse Systems	p. 446
Urban Stormwater and Watershed Management: Case Study	p. 446
Cost Analysis and Financing of Urban Water Infrastructure	p. 447
Institutional Arrangements	p. 447
Innovative Stormwater Management in New Development: Planning Case Study	p. 449
Introduction	p. 449
Background	p. 449
The Master-Planning Process	p. 451
Program Goals	p. 451
Flood Control	p. 453
Water Quality Control	p. 453
Ecosystem Management	p. 453
Levels of Service	p. 454
Methodology	p. 457
Stormwater Modeling	p. 457
Hydrologic Model	p. 457
Hydraulic Model	p. 457
Water Quality Model	p. 458
Hydrologic Parameters	p. 458
Subbasin and Hydrologic Unit Areas	p. 459
Rainfall Intensities and Quantities	p. 459
Rainfall for Water Quality Modeling	p. 459
Rainfall for Runoff Modeling	p. 459
Soil Types and Capabilities	p. 461
Overland Flow Parameters	p. 462
Land Use and Impervious Areas	p. 463
Hydraulic Parameters	p. 464
Structures/Facilities	p. 465
Stage-Area Relationships	p. 467
Stage and Discharge Data	p. 467
Floodplains and Floodways	p. 469
Water Quality Parameters	p. 470
Selection of Water Quality Loading Factors	p. 470
Identification of Pollutants	p. 471
Selection of Stormwater Pollution Loading Factors	p. 471
Land Use Load Factors	p. 472
Open/Nonurban Land Use Load Factors	p. 473
Water Bodies	p. 473
Major Roads	p. 473
Recommendation of Stormwater Pollutant Loading Factors	p. 473
Delivery Ratio/Travel Time	p. 475
Point Source Discharge	p. 475
Best Management Practice Pollutant Removal Efficiencies	p. 475
Surface Water Quality Classifications	p. 476
Historical Water Quality Monitoring Data	p. 478
Evaluation of Best Management Practices	p. 480
Best Management Practices Considerations	p. 480
Alternative Best Management Practices	p. 481
Structural Stormwater Controls	p. 481
Nonstructural Source Controls	p. 481
Operation and Maintenance (OandM)	p. 482
Regional versus Onsite Structural Best Management Practices	p. 482
Onsite Approach	p. 482
Regional Approach	p. 483
Best Management Practices Implementation Considerations	p. 488
Recommended Best Management Practices	p. 491
Introduction	p. 491
Pretreatment Best Management Practices	p. 492
Minimization of Directly Connected Impervious Area	p. 492
Landscaped Swales and Grass-Lined Swales	p. 492
Curb Connections to Swales	p. 494
Capture Ratios of Swales	p. 497
Oil-Water Separators	p. 497
Sediment Forebays	p. 497
Source Reduction	p. 500
Wet Detention Location and Sizing Criteria	p. 500
Regional Facility Location Criteria	p. 500
Regional Facility Sizing Methodology	p. 500
Live Pool Volume	p. 501
Live Pool Volume Bleed-Down Requirements	p. 501
Permanent Pool Volume	p. 502
Flood Control Requirements	p. 504
Regional Stormwater System Review Considerations	p. 506
Water Quality Results	p. 506
Introduction	p. 506
Scenarios	p. 507
Future Land Use with Recommended Best Management Practices	p. 507
Water Quantity Results	p. 510
Introduction	p. 510
Model Calibration	p. 510
Level of Service and Problem Area Definitions	p. 511
Water Quantity Evaluation of Existing PSWMS	p. 512
Proposed Regional Wet Detention Facilities	p. 515
Use of Existing Borrow Pits as Stormwater Facilities	p. 516
Flood Control Benefits	p. 516
Recommendations	p. 520
Introduction	p. 520
Capital Improvement Program for Structural Controls	p. 521
Review of Factors	p. 521
Technical Feasibility and Reliability	p. 521
System Maintainability	p. 521
Sociopolitical Acceptability	p. 521
Economics	p. 521
Environmental Consistency	p. 522
Financial Ability	p. 522
CIP Summary	p. 522
Project Phasing	p. 523
Operation and Maintenance	p. 523
Nonstructural Controls	p. 527
Monitoring	p. 529
Recommended Monitoring Program	p. 529
Rainfall	p. 529
Water Quality	p. 529
Water Quantity	p. 529
Mosquito Control	p. 530
Data Sources and Bibliography	p. 531
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Innovative Urban Wet-Weather Flow Management Systems

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