Insect Diversity Conservation

This groundbreaking book is a contemporary global synthesis of the rapidly developing and important field of insect conservation biology. Insects play important roles in terrestrial ecological processes and in maintaining the world as we know it. They present particular conservation challenges, especially as a quarter face extinction within the next few decades. This textbook addresses the ethical foundation of insect conservation, and asks why should we concern ourselves with conservation of a butterfly, beetle or bug? The success of insects and their diversity, which have survived glaciers, is now facing a more formidable obstacle: the meteoric impact of humans. After addressing threats, from invasive alien plants to climate change, the book explores ways insects and their habitats are prioritised, mapped, monitored and conserved. Landscape and species approaches are considered. This book is for undergraduates, postgraduates, researchers and managers in conservation biology or entomology, and the wider biological and environmental sciences.

Preface

ix

Cover picture

xi

Part I The need for insect diversity conservation

1

(56)

1 Ethical foundation for insect conservation

3

(13)

1.1 Introduction

4

(1)

1.2 Environmental philosophy and insect conservation

4

(5)

1.3 Insect utility

9

(2)

1.4 Insect rights and species conservation

11

(2)

1.5 Spiritual conceptions

13

(2)

1.6 Summary

15

(1)

2 The special case of insects in conservation biology

16

(23)

2.1 Introduction

16

(2)

2.2 Insect radiation

18

(4)

2.3 Bauplan, flight and insect conservation

22

(1)

2.4 Polymorphisms

23

(2)

2.5 Insect diversity and the landscape

25

(3)

2.6 Global insect species richness

28

(1)

2.7 Survival in prehistorical times

29

(3)

2.8 Current extinctions

32

(1)

2.9 The taxonomic challenge

33

(2)

2.10 The perception challenge

35

(1)

2.11 Pest insects and population crashes

36

(1)

2.12 Summary

37

(2)

3 Insects and the conservation of ecosystem processes

39

(18)

3.1 Introduction

39

(1)

3.2 Insects as keystone organisms

40

(1)

3.3 Insect ecosystem engineers and soil modifiers

41

(1)

3.4 Insects as food for other animals

42

(1)

3.5 Insect dispersal

42

(3)

3.6 Insect pollinators

45

(1)

3.7 Insect herbivores

46

(3)

3.8 Insect parasitoids and predators

49

(1)

3.9 Insects and disease

50

(2)

3.10 Ecosystem diversity and insect diversity

52

(1)

3.11 Insects and the naturally changing landscape

52

(1)

3.12 Significance of ecological connectance

53

(1)

3.13 Summary

54

(3)

Part II Insects and the changing world

57

(96)

4 Degradation and fragmentation of ecosystems

59

(30)

4.1 Introduction

59

(2)

4.2 Environmental contamination

61

(2)

4.3 Pesticides

63

(2)

4.4 Agriculture and afforestation

65

(3)

4.5 Urbanization and impact of structures

68

(5)

4.6 Deforestation and logging

73

(5)

4.7 Transformation of grasslands, savanna and Mediterranean-type ecosystems

78

(2)

4.8 Deterioration and loss of aquatic systems

80

(4)

4.9 Pressure on special systems

84

(2)

4.10 Overcollecting

86

(1)

4.11 Summary

87

(2)

5 Responses by insects to the changing land mosaic

89

(24)

5.1 Introduction

89

(1)

5.2 Behavioural responses

90

(8)

5.3 Population response and local extinction

98

(2)

5.4 Community response and long-term prognosis

100

(7)

5.5 Genetic changes

107

(3)

5.6 Summary

110

(3)

6 Threats from invasive aliens, biological control and genetic engineering

113

(23)

6.1 Introduction

114

(1)

6.2 Invasive alien plants

114

(4)

6.3 Invasive alien vertebrates

118

(1)

6.4 Invasive alien insects

119

(5)

6.5 Risks of introducing insect natural enemies

124

(3)

6.6 Risks of introducing insect pathogens

127

(3)

6.7 Risks of genetic engineering

130

(4)

6.8 Summary

134

(2)

7 Global climate change and synergistic impacts

136

(17)

7.1 Introduction

136

(1)

7.2 Ecosystem response to global climate change

137

(6)

7.3 Changes in species' geographical ranges

143

(2)

7.4 Synergisms and future perspectives

145

(4)

7.5 Summary

149

(4)

Part III Conserving and managing insect diversity

153

(113)

8 Methods, approaches and prioritization criteria

155

(25)

8.1 Introduction

155

(1)

8.2 Towards an 'Earth ethic'

156

(2)

8.3 Identifying geographical areas for conservation action

158

(4)

8.4 Systematic reserve selection

162

(1)

8.5 Use of surrogates in conservation planning

163

(4)

8.6 Coarse and fine filters

167

(6)

8.7 Plant surrogates

173

(1)

8.8 Animal surrogates

174

(1)

8.9 Phylogenetic considerations

175

(1)

8.10 Are 'umbrella' and 'flagship' species of value in conservation planning?

176

(2)

8.11 Summary

178

(2)

9 Mapping, inventorying and monitoring

180

(26)

9.1 Introduction

180

(1)

9.2 Mapping

181

(5)

9.3 Inventorying

186

(6)

9.4 Monitoring

192

(3)

9.5 Red Listing

195

(3)

9.6 Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at regional or national levels

198

(1)

9.7 Insects as bioindicators

199

(4)

9.8 Reference sites

203

(1)

9.9 Summary

203

(3)

10 Managing for insect diversity

206

(28)

10.1 Introduction

206

(1)

10.2 Importance of parks, reserves and remnant patches

207

(5)

10.3 Importance of landscape heterogeneity

212

(3)

10.4 Countryside-wide management

215

(2)

10.5 Importance of patch size relative to habitat quality

217

(5)

10.6 Simulating natural conditions and traditional practices

222

(4)

10.7 Corridors

226

(5)

10.8 Landscape management in urban areas

231

(1)

10.9 Summary

232

(2)

11 Restoration of insect diversity

234

(18)

11.1 Introduction

234

(1)

11.2 Principle of restoration triage

235

(2)

11.3 Restoration of species or processes?

237

(3)

11.4 Coarse-filter and fine-filter approaches to restoration

240

(4)

11.5 Insect gardening

244

(2)

11.6 Species-specific recovery plans

246

(4)

11.7 Summary

250

(2)

12 Conventions and social issues in insect diversity conservation

252

(14)

12.1 Introduction

252

(1)

12.2 The international arena

253

(3)

12.3 National issues

256

(1)

12.4 Overcoming the perception challenge

257

(2)

12.5 Butterfly houses and increasing conservation awareness

259

(2)

12.6 Deadstock trade

261

(1)

12.7 Butterfly farming

262

(1)

12.8 Summary

263

(3)

References

266

(50)

Index

316

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Insect Diversity Conservation

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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Insect Diversity Conservation

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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