Insulators for Icing and Polluted Environments

With the widespread use of EHV equipment in winter environments, winter flashovers at air temperature close to melting point have become a critical design constraint. This book explores the issues of electrical insulators for icing and polluted environments, enabling engineers and environmental specialists to carry out appropriate measurements, understand how they change with time and weather, and work out how they compare with the upper limits set by insulator dimensions. It is essential reading for anyone involved with issues relating to icing and pollution problems in electrical line insulation.

Masoud Farzaneh, PhD, is an internationally renowned expert in the field of power engineering. He is a Fellow of the IEEE, the IET, and the Engineering Institute of Canada. Prof. Farzaneh is currently Director of the International Center on Icing and Power Network Engineering (CenGivre), as well as Chairholder of the NSERC/Hydro-Quebec Industrial Chair on Atmospheric Icing of Power Network Equipment (CIGELE) and of the Canada Research Chair on Engineering of Power Network Atmospheric Icing (INGIVRE) at University of Québec in Chicoutimi (UQAC), Canada. He is Associate Editor of IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, Chair of IEEE DEIS Outdoor Insulation Committee, and Convenor of CIGRé WG B2.29 on de-icing and anti-icing of overhead lines.

William A. Chisholm, PhD, is an IEEE Fellow and an internationally acknowledged expert in lightning protection, electrical insulation, and thermal rating of power systems. Dr. Chisholm is an Associate at Kinectrics in Toronto, Canada, and an Adjunct Professor at the University of Québec at Chicoutimi. He is Secretary of the PES Transmission and Distribution Committee.

Preface
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Scope and Objectives
Power System Reliability
The Insulation Coordination Process: What Is Involved?
Organization of the Book
Pr&ymacron;cis
Insulators For Electric Power Systems
Terminology for Insulators
Classification of Insulators
Insulator Construction
Electrical Stresses on Insulators
Environmental Stresses on Insulators
Mechanical Stresses
Environmental Exposure Of Insulators
Pollution: What It Is
Pollution Deposits on Power System Insulators
Nonsoluble Electrically Inert Deposits
Soluble Electrically Conductive Pollution
Effects of Temperature on Electrical Conductivity
Conversion to Equivalent Salt Deposit Density
Self-Wetting of Contaminated Surfaces
Surface Wetting by Fog Accretion
Surface Wetting by Natural Precipitation
Surface Wetting by Artificial Precipitation
Insulator Electrical Performance In Pollution Conditions
Terminology for Electrical Performance in Pollution Conditions
Air Gap Breakdown
Breakdown of Polluted Insulators
Outdoor Exposure Test Methods
Indoor Test Methods for Pollution Flashovers
Salt-Fog Test
Clean-Fog Test Method
Other Test Procedures
Salt-Fog Test Results
Clean-Fog Test Results
Effects of Insulator Parameters
Effects of Nonsoluble Deposit Density
Pressure Effects on Contamination Tests
Temperature Effects on Pollution Flashover
Contamination Flashover Models
General Classifi cation of Partial Discharges
Dry-Band Arcing on Contaminated Surfaces
Electrical Arcing on Wet, Contaminated Surfaces
Residual Resistance of Polluted Layer
dc Pollution Flashover Modeling
ac Pollution Flashover Modeling
Theoretical Modeling for Cold-Fog Flashover
Future Directions for Pollution Flashover Modeling
Mitigation Options For Improved Performance In Pollution Conditions
Monitoring for Maintenance
Cleaning of Insulators
Coating of Insulators
Adding Accessories
Adding More Insulators
Changing to Improved Designs
Changing to Semiconducting Glaze
Changing to Polymer Insulators
Icing Flashovers
Terminology for Ice
Ice Morphology
Electrical Characteristics of Ice
Ice Flashover Experience
Ice Flashover Processes
Icing Test Methods
Ice Flashover Test Results
Empirical Models for Icing Flashovers
Mathematical Modeling of Flashover Process on Ice-Covered Insulators
Environmental Corrections for Ice Surfaces
Future Directions for Icing Flashover Modeling
Snow Flashovers
Terminology for Snow
Snow Morphology
Snow Electrical Characteristics
Snow Flashover Experience
Snow Flashover Process and Test Methods
Snow Flashover Test Results
Empirical Model for Snow Flashover
Mathematical Modeling of Flashover Process on Snow-Covered Insulators
Environmental Corrections for Snow Flashover
Case Studies of Snow Flashover
Mitigation Options For Improved Performance In Ice And Snow Conditions
Options for Mitigating Very Light and Light Icing
Options for Mitigating Moderate Icing
Options for Mitigating Heavy Icing
Options for Mitigating Snow and Rime
Alternatives for Mitigating Any Icing
Insulation Coordination For Icing And Polluted Environments
The Insulation Coordination Process
Deterministic and Probabilistic Methods
IEEE 1313.2 Design Approach for Contamination
IEC 60815 Design Approach for Contamination
CIGRE Design Approach for Contamination
Characteristics of Winter Pollution
Winter Fog Events
Freezing Rain and Freezing Drizzle Events
Snow Climatology
Deterministic Coordination for Leakage Distance
Probabilistic Coordination for Leakage Distance
Deterministic Coordination for Dry Arc Distance
Probabilistic Coordination for Dry Arc Distance
Case Studies
Measurement Of Insulator Contamination Level
Standard Corrections For Humidity, Temperature, And Pressure
Terms Related To Electrical Impulses
Index
Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved.

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Insulators for Icing and Polluted Environments

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

FREE SHIPPING

Rent More, Save More! Use code: BBRENTAL

5% off 1 book, 7% off 2 books, 10% off 3+ books

Insulators for Icing and Polluted Environments

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Digital License