Integrated Biomaterials for Biomedical Technology

About the Editors
Murugan Ramalingam is an Associate Professor of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering at the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U977, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université de Strasbourg (UdS), France. Concurrently, he holds an Adjunct Associate Professorship at the Tohoku University, Japan.

Ashutosh Tiwari is an Assistant Professor of Nanobioelectronics at Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre, IFM, Linköping University, Sweden, as well as Editor-in-Chief of Advanced Materials Letters.

Seeram Ramakrishna, FREng, FNAE, FAIMBE, is the Director of HEM Labs at the National University of Singapore. He has authored five books and over 400 international journal papers, which have garnered more than 14,000 citations.

Hisatoshi Kobayashi is a group leader of WPI Research center MANA, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan. He is currently the President of the International Association of Advanced Materials.

Preface xi

1. 1D~3D Nano-engineered Biomaterials for Biomedical Applications 1
Hui Chen, Xiaokang Li and Yanan Du

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 3D Nanomaterials Towards Biomedical Applications 2

1.3 Structural and Functional Modification 6

1.4 Properties of Nanoparticles for Biomedical Application 8

1.5 Applications of NPs 10

1.6 2D Nanomaterials Towards Biomedical Applications 15

1.7 1D Nanomaterial Towards Biomedical Applications 21

1.8 Conclusion 28

References 28

2. Porous Biomaterials 35
Nasim Annabi

2.1 Introduction 35

2.2 Porosity and Pore Architecture of Biomaterial Scaffolds 36

2.3 Methods to Measure Porosity and Pore Size 38

2.4 Porosity Generation Techniques 39

2.5 Summary 60

References 61

3. Bioactive and Biocompatible Polymeric Composites Based on Amorphous Calcium Phosphate 67
Joseph M. Antonucci and Drago Skrtic

3.1 Introduction 68

3.2 Experimental Approach 75

3.3 Results and Discussion 91

3.4 Concluding Remarks/Future Directions 108

Acknowledgements 109

References 109

Appendix 1. List of Acronyms used Throughout the Proposal 117

4. Calcium Phosphates and Nanocrystalline Apatites for Medical Applications 121
Sunita Prem Victor and Chandra P. Sharma

4.1 Introduction 121

4.2 Chemistry of Calcium Phosphates 123 Contents vii

4.4 Properties of Calcium Orthophosphates 128

4.5 Biomedical Applications of Calcium Phosphates 133

4.6 Conclusion 138

References 138

5. SiO2 Particles with Functional Nanocrystals: Design and Fabrication for Biomedical Applications 145
Ping Yang

5.1 Introduction 145

5.2 Fabrication Methods of SiO2 Particles with NCs 156

5.3 Main Research Results for SiO2 Particles with NCs 170

5.4 Multifunctional SiO2 Particles for Biomedical Applications 229

5.5 Conclusions and Outlook 243

Acknowledgements 244

References 244

6. New Kind of Titanium Alloys for Biomedical Application 253
Yufeng Zheng, Binbin Zhang, Benli Wang and Li Li

6.1 Introduction 253

6.2 Dental Cast Titanium Alloys 254

6.3 Low Modulus Titanium Alloys 262

6.4 Nickel Free Shape Memory Titanium Alloys 266

6.5 Summary 270

References 270

7. BMP-based Bone Tissue Engineering 273
Ziyad S Haidar and Murugan Ramalingam

7.1 Introduction 274

7.2 Challenges in Protein Therapy 277

7.3 BMP Delivery Requirements 279

7.4 BMP-specific Carrier Types and Materials 282

7.5 Summary 289

Acknowledgements 290

References 290

8. Impedance Sensing of Biological Processes in Mammalian Cells 293
Lamya Ghenim, Hirokazu Kaji, Matsuhiko Nishizawa, Xavier Gidrol

8.1 Introduction 293

8.2 Cell Attachment and Spreading Processes 295

8.3 Cell Motility 299

8.4 Apoptosis 302

8.5 Mitosis 303

8.6 Single Cell Analysis 303

8.7 Conclusion 307

References 307

9. Hydrogel Microbeads for Implantable Glucose Sensors 309
Yun Jung Heo and Shoji Takeuchi

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Fabrication Methods of Hydrogel Microbeads 311

9.3 Fluorescence-based Glucose Monitoring 318

9.4 Biocompatibility 325

9.5 Summary 328

References 328

10. Molecular Design of Multifunctional Polymers for Gene Transfection 333
Chao Lin, Bo Lou and Rong Jin 333

10.1 Introduction 333

10.2 Barriers to Non-viral Gene Delivery 335

10.3 Molecular Design of Polymer Vectors for Efficient Gene Delivery 338

10.4 Molecular Design of Polymer Vectors with Low Cytotoxicity 348

10.5 Summary 354

Acknowledgements 355

Appendix: List of Abbreviations 355

References 355

11. Injectable in situ Gelling Hydrogels as Biomaterials 361
Hardeep Singh and Lakshmi S. Nair

11.1 Introduction 362

11.2 Injectable in situ Gelling Hydrogels 365

11.3 Clinical Applications of Hydrogels 369

11.4 Injectable Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications 370

11.5 Conclusions 393

References 393

12. Metal-polymer Hybrid Biomaterials with High Mechanical and Biological Compatibilities 399
Masaaki Nakai and Mitsuo Niinomi

12.1 Introduction 399

12.2 Fabrication Methods of Porous Titanium Filled with Medical Polymer 401

12.3 Mechanical Properties of Porous Titanium Filled with Medical Polymer 403

12.4 Biological Properties of Porous Titanium Filled with Medical Polymer 407

12.5 Summary 409

References 409

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