Intellectual Property Rights, Trade and

This book provides the first full-scale account of how to integrate the requirements of the Convention on Biological Diersity into the global IPR regime.

Graham Dutfield is a researcher at the Oxford Centre for the Environment, Ethics and Society and at St. Peter's College, University of Oxford.

List of Case Studies, Tables and Boxes

viii

Acronyms and Abbreviations

x

Foreword

xii

Mark Halle

Acknowledgements

xv

Plant Genetic Resources in the Global Economy

1

(7)

Intellectual Property Rights in the Global Economy

8

(6)

The Global Intellectual Property Regime

8

(2)

Intellectual Property Rights in International Trade

10

(4)

Biodiversity-related Aspects of the Global IPR Regime

14

(19)

The TRIPS Agreement

14

(12)

Objectives and General Principles

14

(5)

Patents

19

(1)

Ordre public and morality

19

(2)

`Patenting life' and the sui generis option

21

(2)

Geographical Indications

23

(1)

Trade Secrets

24

(1)

Trademarks

25

(1)

Other Provisions Relating to Agriculture

26

(1)

The UPOV Convention

26

(7)

IPR-related Aspects of the Convention on Biological Diversity

33

(7)

Article 16

34

(1)

Article 8 (j)

35

(2)

Article 17

37

(1)

Article 15

38

(2)

IPRs and Biodiversity: Conflict or Synergy?

40

(35)

Links between IPRs and Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity

43

(12)

Patents and IPRs in General

44

(1)

IPRs and monocultures

44

(2)

IPRs and crop-agrochemical linkages

46

(4)

Plant Variety Rights

50

(5)

IPRs and Transfer of Technologies Relevant to Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity

55

(6)

Technology Transfer and Developing Countries: General Observations

56

(4)

Transfer of CBD-related Technologies

60

(1)

IPRs and the Rights of Traditional Knowledge Holders

61

(14)

Are IPRs Inimical to Indigenous and Local People's Rights?

61

(8)

Can IPRs Protect Traditional Biodiversity-related Knowledge?

69

(6)

TRIPS and the CBD: Bridging the Gaps

75

(16)

Patents

76

(2)

Options for the Sui Generis System

78

(7)

Requirements for Protection

78

(2)

Scope of the Protection

80

(1)

Additional Provisions

80

(5)

Geographical Indications

85

(1)

Trade Secrets

86

(3)

Trademarks

89

(2)

The CBD, WTO and Other IPR- and Biodiversity-related Institutions, Forums and Processes

91

(17)

Intellectual Property Rights

91

(6)

The World Trade Organization

91

(1)

The Council for TRIPS

91

(1)

The Committee on Trade and Environment

92

(3)

The World Intellectual Property Organization

95

(2)

Biodiversity: Conservation and Sustainable Use

97

(5)

The CBD Conference of the Parties

97

(1)

Article 8 (j)

97

(2)

Intellectual property rights

99

(1)

Access and benefit-sharing

99

(1)

The UNCTAD Biotrade Initiative

100

(2)

Agriculture

102

(6)

The Food and Agriculture Organization

102

(3)

The Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research

105

(3)

Government and Regional Initiatives: Some Case Studies

108

(10)

Andean Community Common System on Access to Genetic Resources

108

(2)

The Costa Rica Biodiversity Law

110

(4)

The Organisation of African Unity Draft Legislation on Community Rights and Access to Biological Resources

114

(4)

Non-governmental Initiatives and Proposals

118

(7)

Community Intellectual Rights

118

(3)

SRISTI's Local Innovations Databases

121

(1)

People's Biodiversity Registers

121

(4)

Conclusions, Unresolved Questions and Recommendations

125

(94)

Unresolved Questions

126

(2)

Recommendations

128

(4)

TRIPS and UPOV

128

(1)

Patents

128

(1)

Plant variety protection, UPOV and the sui generis option

129

(1)

The Convention on Biological Diversity

129

(1)

Conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity

129

(1)

Benefit-sharing

130

(1)

Technology transfer

130

(1)

Traditional knowledge, innovations and practices

130

(2)

Appendices

1 Neem-related Patents Issued by the United States Patent and Trademark Office, 1985--1998

132

(3)

2 Statement and Recommendations from a Workshop on Biodiversity Conservation and Intellectual Property Rights, New Delhi, 29--31 January 1999

135

(9)

3 The Nairobi Statement, from an International Conference on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights and the Convention on Biological Diversity, Nairobi, 6--7 February 1999

144

(4)

4 IUCN Recommendations to the Convention on Biological Diversity, Inter-sessional Meeting on the Operations of the Convention, 28--30 June 1999

148

(9)

5 Annotated Bibliography on Intellectual Property Rights, Plants, Trade and Biodiversity

157

(62)

References

219

(14)

Index

233

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Intellectual Property Rights, Trade and Biodiversity

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials