Interconnections : Bridges, Routers,

Offers an expert's insight into how and why networks operate as they do. Describes all of the major networking algorithms and protocols in use today in clear and concise terms, while exploring the engineering trade-offs that the different approaches represent. DLC: Routers (Computer networks).

Radia Perlman's work has had a profound impact on the field of networking. She was recently featured in the 25th anniversary edition of Data Communications magazine as one of the 25 people whose work has most influenced the industry. She is the creator of the spanning tree algorithm upon which bridges (switches) are based, and the algorithms that allow robust and efficient link state routing, upon which all modern link state routing protocols (such as IS-IS, OSPF, and PNNI) are based. Radia designed IS-IS, Simple Multicast, and sabotage-proof routing. She is also co-author of Network Security: Private Communication in a Public World. Both of her books were listed in the top 10 most useful networking reference books in the March, 1988 issue of Network Magazine. She is currently a Distinguished Engineer at Sun Microsystems, Inc. She holds about 50 patents and a Ph.D. from M.I.T.

0201634481AB04062001

Preface

xi

Roadmap to the Book

xii

Acknowledgments

xii

Essential Networking Concepts

1

(18)

Layers

1

(6)

Service Models

7

(2)

Important Properties of a Network

9

(3)

Reliable Data Transfer Protocols

12

(7)

Data Link Layer Issues

19

(26)

Generic LANs

19

(3)

IEEE 802 LANs

22

(1)

Names, Addresses, Routes

23

(2)

LAN Addresses

25

(2)

Multicast versus Unicast Addresses

27

(1)

The Broadcast Address

28

(1)

Multiplexing Field

29

(3)

Bit Order

32

(2)

Logical Link Control

34

(1)

Issues in 802.3

35

(3)

Issues in 802.5

38

(2)

Packet Bursts

40

(1)

Reasons for Bridges

40

(1)

Point-to-Point Links

41

(4)

Transparent Bridges

45

(50)

The No-Frills Bridge

45

(2)

The Learning Bridge

47

(11)

Spanning Tree Algorithm

58

(5)

Spanning Tree Algorithm Refinements

63

(14)

Bridge Message Formats

77

(2)

Other Bridge Issues

79

(8)

Remote Bridges

87

(8)

Source Routing Bridges

95

(32)

Pure Source Routing

96

(8)

SR-TB Bridges

104

(4)

SRT Bridges

108

(1)

End-system Algorithms

109

(7)

Source Routing versus Transparent Bridging

116

(3)

Ideas for Improving Source Route Bridging

119

(8)

Hubs, Switches, Virtual LANs, and Fast Ethernet

127

(18)

Hubs

127

(5)

Faster LANs

132

(2)

Virtual LANs (VLANs)

134

(11)

Network Interface: Service Models

145

(8)

What Is the Network Layer?

145

(1)

Network Service Types

146

(7)

Connection-oriented Nets: X.25 and ATM

153

(26)

Generic Connection-oriented Network

153

(2)

X.25: Reliable Connection-oriented Service

155

(12)

Implementing X.25 Inside the Net

167

(1)

Asynchronous Transfer Mode

168

(11)

Generic Connectionless Service

179

(10)

Data Transfer

179

(1)

Addresses

180

(1)

Hop Count

180

(1)

Service Class Information

181

(2)

Network Feedback

183

(1)

Fragmentation and Reassembly

183

(2)

Maximum Packet Size Discovery

185

(4)

Network Layer Addresses

189

(32)

Hierarchical Addresses with Fixed Boundaries

190

(2)

Hierarchical Addresses with Flexible Boundaries

192

(1)

Owning versus Renting Addresses

193

(1)

Types of Addresses

194

(1)

IP

194

(5)

IPX

199

(4)

IPX+

203

(1)

IPv6

204

(7)

CLNP Network Layer Addresses

211

(4)

AppleTalk Network Layer Addresses

215

(1)

DECnet Phases III and IV

216

(2)

NAT/NAPT

218

(3)

Connectionless Data Packet Formats

221

(44)

Pieces of a Connectionless Network Layer

221

(1)

Data Packets

222

(1)

Summary of Packet Formats for Easy Reference

222

(8)

Technical Issues and Comparisons in Data Packet Formats

230

(20)

Source Routing

250

(3)

The Great IPX Frame Format Mystery

253

(3)

Error Reports and Other Network Feedback to the Endnode

256

(9)

Neighbor Greeting and Autoconfiguration

265

(34)

Endnodes Attached via Point-to-Point Links

266

(1)

Endnodes Attached via LANs

267

(17)

Endnodes Attached via Nonbroadcast Multiaccess Media

284

(9)

Finding Things

293

(6)

Routing Algorithm Concepts

299

(48)

Distance Vector Routing

299

(8)

Link State Routing

307

(13)

Comparison of Link State and Distance Vector Routing

320

(5)

Load Splitting

325

(1)

Link Costs

326

(2)

Migrating Routing Algorithms

328

(3)

LANs

331

(3)

Types of Service

334

(7)

Partition Repair: Level I Subnetwork Partition

341

(6)

Fast Packet Forwarding

347

(20)

Using an Additional Header

347

(1)

Address Prefix Matching

348

(2)

Longest Prefix Match with Trie

350

(11)

Binary Search

361

(6)

Specific Routing Protocols

367

(82)

A Brief History of Intradomain Routing Protocols

367

(2)

RIP

369

(3)

RTMP, IPX-RIP, and DECnet

372

(1)

IS-IS, OSPF, NLSP, and PNNI

373

(52)

Interdomain Routing Protocols

425

(24)

WAN Multicast

449

(30)

Introduction

449

(4)

Multicast in IP

453

(26)

Sabotage-proof Routing

479

(14)

The Problem

480

(1)

All You Need to Know about Cryptography

480

(2)

Overview of the Approach

482

(2)

Detailed Description of the Approach

484

(7)

Summary

491

(1)

For Further Reading

491

(2)

To Route, Bridge, or Switch: Is That the Question?

493

(10)

Switches

493

(1)

Bridges versus Routers

493

(3)

Extensions to Bridges

496

(2)

Extensions to Routers

498

(5)

Protocol Design Folklore

503

(20)

Simplicity versus Flexibility versus Optimality

503

(2)

Knowing the Problem You're Trying to Solve

505

(1)

Overhead and Scaling

506

(1)

Operation Above Capacity

506

(1)

Compact IDs versus Object Identifiers

507

(1)

Optimizing for the Most Common or Important Case

507

(1)

Forward Compatibility

508

(5)

Migration: Routing Algorithms and Addressing

513

(1)

Parameters

514

(3)

Making Multiprotocol Operation Possible

517

(1)

Running over Layer 3 versus Layer 2

518

(1)

Robustness

519

(1)

Determinism versus Stability

520

(1)

Performance for Correctness

521

(1)

In Closing

521

(2)

Glossary

523

(10)

Index

533

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Interconnections : Bridges, Routers, Switches, and Internetworking Protocols

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials