Intercultural Communication A Discourse Approach
, by Scollon, Ron; Scollon, Suzanne Wong; Jones, Rodney H.
- ISBN: 9780470656402 | 0470656409
- Cover: Paperback
- Copyright: 1/3/2012
This newly revised edition is both a lively introduction and practical guide to the main concepts and challenges of intercultural communication. Grounded in interactional sociolinguistics and discourse analysis, this work integrates theoretical principles and methodological advice, presenting students, researchers, and practitioners with a comprehensive and unified resource. Features new original theory, expanded treatment of generations, gender and corporate and professional discourse Offers improved organization and added features for student and classroom use, including advice on research projects, questions for discussion, and references at the end of each chapter Extensively revised with newly added material on computer mediated communication, sexuality and globalization
Ron Scollon (1939-2009) was a Professor of Linguistics at Georgetown University. His publications include Professional Communication in International Settings, co-authored with Yuling Pan and Suzanne Wong Scollon (Blackwell 2001), Discourses in Place: Language and the Material World co-authored with Suzie Wong Scollon (2003), and Nexus Analysis: Discourse and the Emerging Internet co-authored with Suzie Wong Scollon (2004).
Suzanne Wong Scollon is an independent researcher in the North Pacific Rim. She has written extensively on intercultural communication, holding academic positions in North American universities as well as in Taiwan, South Korea, and Hong Kong. She also acted as a consultant, along with Ron Scollon, with over fifty governmental and corporate organizations in North America, Asia, and Europe.
Rodney H. Jones is the Associate Head of the Department of English at City University of Hong Kong. He has published widely in international journals and is co-editor of Discourse in Action: Introducing Mediated Discourse Analysis (with S. Norris 2005), Advances in Discourse Studies (with V. K. Bhatia and J. Flowerdew 2007), and author of Noticing, Exploring and Practicing: Functional Grammar in the ESL Classroom (with G. Lock 2010), and Discourse Analysis: A Resource Book for Students (2012).
| List of Figures | p. xi |
| Series Editor's | |
| Preface | p. xiii |
| Preface to the First Edition | p. xiv |
| Preface to the Second Edition | p. xvii |
| Preface to the Third Edition | p. xviii |
| What Is a Discourse Approach? | p. 1 |
| The Problem with Culture | p. 2 |
| Culture is a verb | p. 5 |
| Discourse | p. 7 |
| Discourse systems | p. 8 |
| What Is Communication? | p. 10 |
| Language is ambiguous by nature | p. 11 |
| We must draw inferences about meaning | p. 14 |
| Our inferences tend to be fixed, not tentative | p. 15 |
| Our inferences are drawn very quickly | p. 15 |
| Interdiscourse communication and English as a global language | p. 16 |
| What This Book Is Not | p. 17 |
| Researching Interdiscourse Communication | p. 18 |
| Four processes of ethnography | p. 19 |
| Four types of data in ethnographic research | p. 20 |
| Choosing a site of investigation | p. 21 |
| Discussion Questions | p. 23 |
| References for Further Study | p. 24 |
| How, When, and Where to Do Things with Language | p. 25 |
| Sentence Meaning and Speaker's Meaning | p. 27 |
| Speech Acts, Speech Events, and Speech Situations | p. 27 |
| Grammar of Context | p. 29 |
| Seven main components for a grammar of context | p. 30 |
| Scene | p. 31 |
| Key | p. 34 |
| Participants | p. 35 |
| Message form | p. 36 |
| Sequence | p. 37 |
| Co-occurrence patterns, marked and unmarked | p. 38 |
| Manifestation | p. 38 |
| Variation in context grammar | p. 39 |
| "Culture" and Context | p. 39 |
| High context and low context situations | p. 40 |
| Researching Interdiscourse Communication | p. 42 |
| Using the "grammar of context" as a preliminary ethnographic audit | p. 42 |
| Discussion Questions | p. 43 |
| References for Further Study | p. 44 |
| Interpersonal Politeness and Power | p. 45 |
| Communicative Style or Register | p. 45 |
| Face | p. 46 |
| The "self" as a communicative identity | p. 47 |
| The Paradox of Face: Involvement and Independence | p. 48 |
| Politeness strategies of involvement and independence | p. 49 |
| Linguistic strategies of involvement: some examples | p. 51 |
| Linguistic strategies of independence: some examples | p. 51 |
| Face Systems | p. 52 |
| Three Face Systems: Deference, Solidarity, and Hierarchy | p. 53 |
| Deference face system (-P, +D) | p. 54 |
| Solidarity face system (-P, -D) | p. 54 |
| Hierarchical face system (+P, +/-D) | p. 55 |
| Miscommunication | p. 56 |
| Variations in Face Systems | p. 59 |
| Social Organization and Face Systems | p. 60 |
| Kinship | p. 61 |
| The concept of the self | p. 62 |
| Ingroup-outgroup relationships | p. 64 |
| Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft | p. 65 |
| Researching Interdiscourse Communication | p. 66 |
| Exploring the interaction order | p. 66 |
| Discussion Questions | p. 67 |
| References for Further Study | p. 68 |
| Conversational Inference: Interpretation in Spoken Discourse | p. 69 |
| How Do We Understand Discourse? | p. 70 |
| Cohesive Devices: Lexical and Grammatical | p. 71 |
| Reference | p. 72 |
| Verb forms | p. 72 |
| Conjunction | p. 72 |
| The causal conjunction "because" | p. 73 |
| Cognitive Schemata and Scripts | p. 74 |
| World knowledge | p. 75 |
| Adjacency sequences | p. 76 |
| Prosodic Patterning: Intonation and Timing | p. 77 |
| Intonation | p. 77 |
| Timing | p. 79 |
| Metacommunication | p. 82 |
| Non-sequential processing | p. 84 |
| Interactive Intelligence | p. 86 |
| Researching Interdiscourse Communication | p. 88 |
| Collecting and analyzing spoken data | p. 88 |
| Reconfiguring default settings | p. 89 |
| Discussion Questions | p. 90 |
| References for Further Study | p. 90 |
| Topic and Face: Inductive and Deductive Patterns in Discourse | p. 92 |
| What Are You Talking About? | p. 92 |
| Topic, Turn Exchange, and Timing | p. 94 |
| The call-answer-topic adjacency sequence | p. 94 |
| The call | p. 95 |
| The answer | p. 95 |
| The Introduction of the caller's topic | p. 95 |
| Deductive Monologues | p. 96 |
| The Inductive Pattern | p. 97 |
| Inside and outside encounters | p. 98 |
| Hierarchical relationships and topic introduction | p. 98 |
| The false east-west dichotomy | p. 99 |
| Face: Inductive and Deductive Rhetorical Strategies | p. 100 |
| Topics and face systems | p. 101 |
| Face Relationships in Written Discourse | p. 103 |
| Essays and press releases | p. 104 |
| The press release: implied writers and implied readers | p. 105 |
| The essay: a deductive structure | p. 106 |
| Limiting Ambiguity: Power in Discourse | p. 106 |
| Researching Interdiscourse Communication | p. 107 |
| Collecting and analyzing written data | p. 107 |
| Discussion Questions | p. 109 |
| References for Further Study | p. 109 |
| Ideologies in Discourse | p. 110 |
| Three Concepts of Discourse | p. 110 |
| The Utilitarian Discourse System | p. 113 |
| The Enlightenment: reason and freedom | p. 114 |
| Bentham and Mill's Utilitarianism | p. 115 |
| Forms of discourse in the Utilitarian discourse system | p. 117 |
| The Panopticon of Bentham | p. 118 |
| Face systems in the Utilitarian discourse system | p. 120 |
| Internal face systems: liberté, égalité, fraternité | p. 120 |
| The institutions of the Utilitarian discourse system | p. 121 |
| Outside discourse | p. 122 |
| Multiple discourse systems | p. 123 |
| The Confucian discourse system | p. 123 |
| "Conversations" | p. 126 |
| What "Counts" as an Ideology? | p. 128 |
| Researching Interdiscourse Communication | p. 130 |
| The relationship between small d discourse and big D Discourses | p. 130 |
| Discussion Questions | p. 134 |
| References for Further Study | p. 134 |
| Forms of Discourse | p. 136 |
| Functions of Language | p. 136 |
| Information and relationship | p. 136 |
| Negotiation and ratifi cation | p. 137 |
| Group harmony and individual welfare | p. 138 |
| Clarity, Brevity, and Sincerity Revisited | p. 139 |
| Theories of communication in the Utilitarian discourse system | p. 139 |
| Kant's view of the "public" writer | p. 147 |
| Plagiarism and ideology | p. 148 |
| Modes, Media, and the Materiality of Discourse | p. 152 |
| Mode | p. 152 |
| Media | p. 154 |
| Emplacement | p. 156 |
| Researching Interdiscourse Communication | p. 157 |
| Discussion Questions | p. 158 |
| References for Further Study | p. 159 |
| Socialization | p. 161 |
| The Individual and "Culture" | p. 161 |
| Socialization | p. 162 |
| Education, enculturation, acculturation | p. 162 |
| Primary and secondary socialization | p. 163 |
| Socialization as legitimate peripheral participation | p. 164 |
| Theories of the person and of learning | p. 165 |
| Socialization in the Utilitarian Discourse System | p. 168 |
| Education vs. socialization | p. 168 |
| Socialization and face systems | p. 169 |
| Socialization and the "Historical Body" | p. 171 |
| Researching Interdiscourse Communication | p. 173 |
| An outline guide for the study of discourse systems | p. 175 |
| Discussion Questions | p. 176 |
| References for Further Study | p. 177 |
| Corporate and Professional Discourse | p. 178 |
| Voluntary and Involuntary Discourse Systems | p. 178 |
| Five key discourse systems in corporate and professional life | p. 179 |
| The Corporate Discourse System (Corporate Culture) | p. 180 |
| Ideology | p. 181 |
| Socialization | p. 186 |
| Forms of discourse | p. 192 |
| Face systems | p. 198 |
| The size and scope of corporate discourse systems | p. 201 |
| Professional Discourse Systems | p. 201 |
| Researching Interdiscourse Communication | p. 203 |
| Discussion Questions | p. 204 |
| References for Further Study | p. 205 |
| Generational Discourse | p. 206 |
| Involuntary Discourse Systems | p. 206 |
| The Ideologies of Individualism in the United States | p. 208 |
| Six generations of North Americans | p. 210 |
| The shifting ground of U.S. individualism | p. 225 |
| Communication between generations | p. 226 |
| Six Generations of Chinese | p. 227 |
| The changing nature of collectivism | p. 227 |
| The shifting ground of Chinese collectivism | p. 236 |
| Researching Interdiscourse Communication | p. 237 |
| Discussion Questions | p. 238 |
| References for Further Study | p. 239 |
| Gender and Sexuality Discourse | p. 240 |
| Gender and Sexuality | p. 240 |
| Gender Discourse Systems | p. 241 |
| Directness or indirectness? | p. 242 |
| Who talks more? | p. 244 |
| Forms of discourse; functions of language | p. 245 |
| Face systems | p. 247 |
| The origin of difference: ideology and paradox | p. 248 |
| The maintenance of difference: socialization | p. 250 |
| Problems with the "difference" approach | p. 251 |
| Compromise: "communities of practice" | p. 252 |
| Sexuality | p. 253 |
| Sexuality and gender | p. 255 |
| Performativity | p. 256 |
| Discourse systems and imagined communities | p. 256 |
| "Gay Culture" and the Utilitarian Discourse System | p. 257 |
| Ideology | p. 259 |
| Face systems | p. 260 |
| Forms of discourse | p. 260 |
| Socialization | p. 260 |
| The "Tongzhi Discourse System" | p. 261 |
| Researching Interdiscourse Communication | p. 264 |
| Discussion Questions | p. 265 |
| References for Further Study | p. 266 |
| Doing "Intercultural Communication" | p. 267 |
| Discourse Systems and the Individual | p. 267 |
| Intersystem communication | p. 270 |
| Cultural ideology and stereotyping | p. 271 |
| Negative stereotypes | p. 273 |
| Positive stereotypes, the lumping fallacy, and the solidarity fallacy | p. 274 |
| Othering | p. 276 |
| Differences Which Make a Difference: Discourse Systems | p. 276 |
| Intercultural Communication as Mediated Action | p. 278 |
| Avoiding Miscommunication | p. 279 |
| Researching Interdiscourse Communication | p. 281 |
| Discussion Questions | p. 283 |
| References for Further Study | p. 283 |
| References | p. 284 |
| Index | p. 298 |
| Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved. |
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