Intercultural Communication A Discourse Approach

, by Scollon, Ron; Scollon, Suzanne Wong; Jones, Rodney H.

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ISBN: 9780470656402 | 0470656409
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 1/3/2012

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This newly revised edition is both a lively introduction and practical guide to the main concepts and challenges of intercultural communication. Grounded in interactional sociolinguistics and discourse analysis, this work integrates theoretical principles and methodological advice, presenting students, researchers, and practitioners with a comprehensive and unified resource. Features new original theory, expanded treatment of generations, gender and corporate and professional discourse Offers improved organization and added features for student and classroom use, including advice on research projects, questions for discussion, and references at the end of each chapter Extensively revised with newly added material on computer mediated communication, sexuality and globalization

List of Figures	p. xi
Series Editor's
Preface	p. xiii
Preface to the First Edition	p. xiv
Preface to the Second Edition	p. xvii
Preface to the Third Edition	p. xviii
What Is a Discourse Approach?	p. 1
The Problem with Culture	p. 2
Culture is a verb	p. 5
Discourse	p. 7
Discourse systems	p. 8
What Is Communication?	p. 10
Language is ambiguous by nature	p. 11
We must draw inferences about meaning	p. 14
Our inferences tend to be fixed, not tentative	p. 15
Our inferences are drawn very quickly	p. 15
Interdiscourse communication and English as a global language	p. 16
What This Book Is Not	p. 17
Researching Interdiscourse Communication	p. 18
Four processes of ethnography	p. 19
Four types of data in ethnographic research	p. 20
Choosing a site of investigation	p. 21
Discussion Questions	p. 23
References for Further Study	p. 24
How, When, and Where to Do Things with Language	p. 25
Sentence Meaning and Speaker's Meaning	p. 27
Speech Acts, Speech Events, and Speech Situations	p. 27
Grammar of Context	p. 29
Seven main components for a grammar of context	p. 30
Scene	p. 31
Key	p. 34
Participants	p. 35
Message form	p. 36
Sequence	p. 37
Co-occurrence patterns, marked and unmarked	p. 38
Manifestation	p. 38
Variation in context grammar	p. 39
"Culture" and Context	p. 39
High context and low context situations	p. 40
Researching Interdiscourse Communication	p. 42
Using the "grammar of context" as a preliminary ethnographic audit	p. 42
Discussion Questions	p. 43
References for Further Study	p. 44
Interpersonal Politeness and Power	p. 45
Communicative Style or Register	p. 45
Face	p. 46
The "self" as a communicative identity	p. 47
The Paradox of Face: Involvement and Independence	p. 48
Politeness strategies of involvement and independence	p. 49
Linguistic strategies of involvement: some examples	p. 51
Linguistic strategies of independence: some examples	p. 51
Face Systems	p. 52
Three Face Systems: Deference, Solidarity, and Hierarchy	p. 53
Deference face system (-P, +D)	p. 54
Solidarity face system (-P, -D)	p. 54
Hierarchical face system (+P, +/-D)	p. 55
Miscommunication	p. 56
Variations in Face Systems	p. 59
Social Organization and Face Systems	p. 60
Kinship	p. 61
The concept of the self	p. 62
Ingroup-outgroup relationships	p. 64
Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft	p. 65
Researching Interdiscourse Communication	p. 66
Exploring the interaction order	p. 66
Discussion Questions	p. 67
References for Further Study	p. 68
Conversational Inference: Interpretation in Spoken Discourse	p. 69
How Do We Understand Discourse?	p. 70
Cohesive Devices: Lexical and Grammatical	p. 71
Reference	p. 72
Verb forms	p. 72
Conjunction	p. 72
The causal conjunction "because"	p. 73
Cognitive Schemata and Scripts	p. 74
World knowledge	p. 75
Adjacency sequences	p. 76
Prosodic Patterning: Intonation and Timing	p. 77
Intonation	p. 77
Timing	p. 79
Metacommunication	p. 82
Non-sequential processing	p. 84
Interactive Intelligence	p. 86
Researching Interdiscourse Communication	p. 88
Collecting and analyzing spoken data	p. 88
Reconfiguring default settings	p. 89
Discussion Questions	p. 90
References for Further Study	p. 90
Topic and Face: Inductive and Deductive Patterns in Discourse	p. 92
What Are You Talking About?	p. 92
Topic, Turn Exchange, and Timing	p. 94
The call-answer-topic adjacency sequence	p. 94
The call	p. 95
The answer	p. 95
The Introduction of the caller's topic	p. 95
Deductive Monologues	p. 96
The Inductive Pattern	p. 97
Inside and outside encounters	p. 98
Hierarchical relationships and topic introduction	p. 98
The false east-west dichotomy	p. 99
Face: Inductive and Deductive Rhetorical Strategies	p. 100
Topics and face systems	p. 101
Face Relationships in Written Discourse	p. 103
Essays and press releases	p. 104
The press release: implied writers and implied readers	p. 105
The essay: a deductive structure	p. 106
Limiting Ambiguity: Power in Discourse	p. 106
Researching Interdiscourse Communication	p. 107
Collecting and analyzing written data	p. 107
Discussion Questions	p. 109
References for Further Study	p. 109
Ideologies in Discourse	p. 110
Three Concepts of Discourse	p. 110
The Utilitarian Discourse System	p. 113
The Enlightenment: reason and freedom	p. 114
Bentham and Mill's Utilitarianism	p. 115
Forms of discourse in the Utilitarian discourse system	p. 117
The Panopticon of Bentham	p. 118
Face systems in the Utilitarian discourse system	p. 120
Internal face systems: liberté, égalité, fraternité	p. 120
The institutions of the Utilitarian discourse system	p. 121
Outside discourse	p. 122
Multiple discourse systems	p. 123
The Confucian discourse system	p. 123
"Conversations"	p. 126
What "Counts" as an Ideology?	p. 128
Researching Interdiscourse Communication	p. 130
The relationship between small d discourse and big D Discourses	p. 130
Discussion Questions	p. 134
References for Further Study	p. 134
Forms of Discourse	p. 136
Functions of Language	p. 136
Information and relationship	p. 136
Negotiation and ratifi cation	p. 137
Group harmony and individual welfare	p. 138
Clarity, Brevity, and Sincerity Revisited	p. 139
Theories of communication in the Utilitarian discourse system	p. 139
Kant's view of the "public" writer	p. 147
Plagiarism and ideology	p. 148
Modes, Media, and the Materiality of Discourse	p. 152
Mode	p. 152
Media	p. 154
Emplacement	p. 156
Researching Interdiscourse Communication	p. 157
Discussion Questions	p. 158
References for Further Study	p. 159
Socialization	p. 161
The Individual and "Culture"	p. 161
Socialization	p. 162
Education, enculturation, acculturation	p. 162
Primary and secondary socialization	p. 163
Socialization as legitimate peripheral participation	p. 164
Theories of the person and of learning	p. 165
Socialization in the Utilitarian Discourse System	p. 168
Education vs. socialization	p. 168
Socialization and face systems	p. 169
Socialization and the "Historical Body"	p. 171
Researching Interdiscourse Communication	p. 173
An outline guide for the study of discourse systems	p. 175
Discussion Questions	p. 176
References for Further Study	p. 177
Corporate and Professional Discourse	p. 178
Voluntary and Involuntary Discourse Systems	p. 178
Five key discourse systems in corporate and professional life	p. 179
The Corporate Discourse System (Corporate Culture)	p. 180
Ideology	p. 181
Socialization	p. 186
Forms of discourse	p. 192
Face systems	p. 198
The size and scope of corporate discourse systems	p. 201
Professional Discourse Systems	p. 201
Researching Interdiscourse Communication	p. 203
Discussion Questions	p. 204
References for Further Study	p. 205
Generational Discourse	p. 206
Involuntary Discourse Systems	p. 206
The Ideologies of Individualism in the United States	p. 208
Six generations of North Americans	p. 210
The shifting ground of U.S. individualism	p. 225
Communication between generations	p. 226
Six Generations of Chinese	p. 227
The changing nature of collectivism	p. 227
The shifting ground of Chinese collectivism	p. 236
Researching Interdiscourse Communication	p. 237
Discussion Questions	p. 238
References for Further Study	p. 239
Gender and Sexuality Discourse	p. 240
Gender and Sexuality	p. 240
Gender Discourse Systems	p. 241
Directness or indirectness?	p. 242
Who talks more?	p. 244
Forms of discourse; functions of language	p. 245
Face systems	p. 247
The origin of difference: ideology and paradox	p. 248
The maintenance of difference: socialization	p. 250
Problems with the "difference" approach	p. 251
Compromise: "communities of practice"	p. 252
Sexuality	p. 253
Sexuality and gender	p. 255
Performativity	p. 256
Discourse systems and imagined communities	p. 256
"Gay Culture" and the Utilitarian Discourse System	p. 257
Ideology	p. 259
Face systems	p. 260
Forms of discourse	p. 260
Socialization	p. 260
The "Tongzhi Discourse System"	p. 261
Researching Interdiscourse Communication	p. 264
Discussion Questions	p. 265
References for Further Study	p. 266
Doing "Intercultural Communication"	p. 267
Discourse Systems and the Individual	p. 267
Intersystem communication	p. 270
Cultural ideology and stereotyping	p. 271
Negative stereotypes	p. 273
Positive stereotypes, the lumping fallacy, and the solidarity fallacy	p. 274
Othering	p. 276
Differences Which Make a Difference: Discourse Systems	p. 276
Intercultural Communication as Mediated Action	p. 278
Avoiding Miscommunication	p. 279
Researching Interdiscourse Communication	p. 281
Discussion Questions	p. 283
References for Further Study	p. 283
References	p. 284
Index	p. 298
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Intercultural Communication A Discourse Approach

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