Internetworking LANs and WANs Concepts, Techniques and Methods

Note: Supplemental materials are not guaranteed with Rental or Used book purchases.

ISBN: 9780471975144 | 0471975141
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 6/29/1998

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Print on Demand: 2-4 Weeks. This item cannot be cancelled or returned.

$189.83

The rapid increase in Internet connections has caused a dramatic rise in the technological and administrative difficulties experienced by LAN and WAN users and managers as they try to meet the demand for intercompatibility between diverse systems. This practical book addresses these challenges by covering the latest technological advancements, including high speed LANs FDDI, Fast Ethernet and ATM, token ring, TCP/IP, and more.

Preface

xix

(2)

Acknowledgements

xxi

1 Network Concepts

(30)

1.1 Wide Area Networks

(9)

1.1.1 Computer-communications evolution

(1)

Remote batch transmission

(1)

IBM 3270 Information Display System

(1)

Communications controller

(1)

Control units

(1)

1.1.2 Modern mainframe access

(2)

1.1.3 Network construction

(3)

1.1.4 Network characteristics

(1)

1.2 Local Area Networks

(6)

1.2.1 Comparison to WANs

(1)

Geographic area

(1)

Data transmission and error rates

(1)

Ownership

(1)

Regulation

(1)

Data routing and topology

(1)

Type of information carried

(1)

1.2.2 Utilization benefits

(1)

1.3 Standards Organizations and the OSI Reference Model

(15)

1.3.1 International standards organizations

(1)

ITU-T

(1)

ISO

(1)

The ISO Reference Model

(1)

Layered architecture

(6)

1.3.2 IEEE

(1)

802 Committees

(2)

Data link subdivision

(1)

Physical layer subdivision

(1)

1.3.3 ATM Forum

(2)

2 Local Area Networks

(86)

2.1 Technological Characteristics

(27)

2.1.1 Topology

(1)

Loop

(1)

Bus

(1)

Ring

(1)

Star

(1)

Tree

(1)

Mixed topologies

(1)

Comparison of topologies

(1)

2.1.2 Signaling methods

(1)

Broadband versus baseband

(1)

Broadband signaling

(1)

Baseband signaling

(1)

2.1.3 High speed encoding techniques

(1)

MLT-3

(1)

Bit transformation

(1)

4B5B

(1)

Other coding techniques

(1)

2.1.4 Transmission medium

(1)

Twisted-pair wire

(1)

Coaxial cable

(1)

Hardware interface

(1)

Broadband coaxial cable

(2)

Fiber optic cable

(1)

2.1.5 Cabling standards

(1)

Backbone cabling

(1)

Horizontal cabling

(1)

UTP categories

(1)

2.1.6 Access method

(1)

Listeners and talkers

(1)

Carrier-Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)

(2)

Carrier-Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA)

(1)

Token passing

(1)

Switch-based, connection-oriented

(2)

2.2 Popular Types of LANs

(42)

2.2.1 Ethernet

(1)

Ethernet frame

(2)

Types of Ethernet

(2)

Coaxial versus twisted-pair

(1)

2.2.2 Fast Ethernet

(1)

Frame format

(1)

Start of stream delimiter

(1)

End of stream delimiter

(1)

100BASE-T overview

(1)

Physical layer

(1)

100BASE-T4

(2)

100BASE-TX

(1)

4B5B coding

(1)

100BASE-FX

(1)

2.2.3 Token passing

(1)

Bus operation

(2)

Ring operation

(1)

Data flow

(1)

Network access, token and frame formats

(6)

Data flow example

(1)

2.2.4 FDDI

(1)

Advantages

(1)

Hardware components

(1)

Dual Attached Station

(1)

Single Attached Station

(1)

Encoding and signaling

(1)

Frame formats

(2)

FDDI token

(1)

FDDI frame

(1)

Bandwidth allocation

(1)

Classes of traffic

(1)

Timers

(1)

Synchronous transmission

(1)

Asynchronous transmission

(1)

Transmission example

(1)

Status

(1)

2.2.5 Logical link control frame format

(1)

Types and classes of service

(1)

Type 1

(1)

Type 2

(1)

Type 3

(1)

Classes of Service

(1)

Other Ethernet frame types

(1)

Ethernet-802.3

(1)

Ethernet-SNAP

(1)

Frame determination

(1)

2.3 ATM

100

(17)

2.3.1 Rationale

100

(1)

The ATM cell

100

(1)

Scalability

101

(1)

Transparency

101

(1)

Traffic classification

102

(1)

2.3.2 The ATM protocol stack

103

(1)

ATM Adaptation Layer

104

(1)

The ATM Layer

104

(1)

Physical Layer

105

(1)

2.3.3 ATM operation

106

(1)

Components

106

(1)

ATM network interface cards

106

(1)

LAN switch

106

(1)

ATM router

107

(1)

ATM switches

107

(1)

ATM service processor

108

(1)

2.3.4 Network interfaces

108

(1)

User-to-network interface

109

(1)

Network-to-node interface

109

(1)

2.3.5 The ATM cell header

109

(1)

Generic flow control field

109

(1)

Virtual path identifier field

110

(1)

Virtual channel identifier field

111

(1)

Payload type identifier field

112

(1)

Cell loss priority field

112

(1)

Header error check field

112

(1)

2.3.6 ATM connections and cell switching

113

(1)

Connections

113

(1)

Cell switching

113

(1)

Types of switch

114

(1)

Using connection identifiers

114

(2)

General operation

116

(1)

3 Local Area Networking

117

(74)

3.1 Hardware Components

118

(51)

3.1.1 Repeaters

118

(1)

Types

118

(1)

Utilization

119

(2)

Repeater rules

121

(1)

3.1.2 Bridges

121

(1)

Operation

121

(2)

Flooding

123

(2)

Filtering and forwarding

125

(1)

Types

125

(1)

Transparent bridge

125

(1)

Translating bridge

126

(1)

Features

127

(1)

Filtering and forwarding

127

(1)

Selective forwarding

128

(1)

Multiple port support

129

(1)

Local and wide area interface support

129

(1)

Transparent operation

130

(1)

Frame translation

130

(1)

Frame encapsulation

131

(1)

Fabrication

131

(1)

Routing method

132

(1)

3.1.3 Routers

132

(2)

Network address utilization

134

(1)

Table operation

135

(1)

Advantages of use

135

(1)

Multiple path transmission and routing control

136

(1)

Flow control

136

(1)

Frame fragmentation

137

(1)

3.1.4 Brouters

137

(1)

Operation

137

(1)

Utilization

138

(1)

3.1.5 Gateway

139

(1)

Definition

140

(1)

Operation

141

(1)

3.1.6 File servers

142

(1)

Types of server

142

(2)

Location considerations

144

(1)

3.1.7 Wire hubs

145

(1)

Advantages

145

(1)

Intelligent hubs

145

(1)

3.1.8 LAN switches

146

(1)

Conventional hub bottlenecks

147

(1)

Ethernet hub operations

147

(2)

Token-Ring hub operation

149

(1)

Bottleneck creation

149

(1)

Switching operations

150

(1)

Basic components

151

(1)

Key advantages of use

152

(1)

Delay times

153

(1)

Switching techniques

154

(1)

Cross-point switching

154

(1)

Store-and-forward

155

(2)

Hybrid

157

(1)

Port-based switching

158

(1)

Segment-based switching

159

(2)

Using LAN switches

161

(1)

Network redistribution

161

(1)

Server segmentation

162

(2)

Backbone operation

164

(1)

Handling speed incompatibilities

165

(1)

Backpressure

165

(1)

Server software module

166

(1)

ATM considerations

166

(3)

3.2 Software Requirements

169

(22)

3.2.1 DOS

170

(2)

3.2.2 Network operating system

172

(1)

Services

173

(1)

Looking at NetWare

173

(1)

Architecture

174

(1)

Looking at Windows NT

175

(1)

Multiple protocol support

176

(13)

3.2.3 Application software

189

(2)

4 Constructing Local Area Networks

191

(44)

4.1 10BASE-T Ethernet

191

(14)

4.1.1 Wire hub

192

(2)

Interconnecting hubs

194

(1)

4.1.2 Network access

195

(1)

4.1.3 Attachment Unit Interface

195

(2)

4.1.4 Using fiber optic technology

197

(1)

Optical transceiver

198

(1)

4.1.5 Fiber hubs

198

(1)

4.1.6 Fiber adapter

198

(1)

Distance limits

199

(1)

4.1.7 Coax adapter

200

(1)

4.1.8 Expanding a 10BASE-T network

201

(1)

Segmentation options

202

(1)

Bridge segmentation

203

(2)

4.2 100BASE-T Fast Ethernet

205

(4)

4.2.1 Repeater rules

205

(1)

4.2.2 Segmentation methods

206

(1)

4.2.3 Backbone operation

206

(2)

4.2.4 Switch segmentation

208

(1)

4.3 IBM Token-Ring Networks

209

(26)

4.3.1 Multistation access unit

209

(2)

4.3.2 IBM Cabling System

211

(1)

Cable types

211

(1)

Type 1

212

(1)

Type 2

212

(1)

Type 3

212

(1)

Type 5

213

(1)

Type 6

213

(1)

Type 7

213

(1)

Type 8

213

(1)

Type 9

214

(1)

Connectors

214

(1)

Cable distance

214

(1)

4.3.3 Network adapters

215

(2)

4.3.4 Device and wiring constraints

217

(1)

Ring size

217

(1)

Adjusted ring length

217

(2)

4.3.5 Token-Ring repeaters

219

(1)

4.3.6 Bridge

220

(1)

4.3.7 Controlled Access Unit

221

(1)

4.3.8 Network processor

222

(2)

4.3.9 Connectivity overview

224

(2)

Gateways

226

(1)

SDLC adapter connectivity

227

(1)

3278/9 adapter connectivity

227

(1)

4.3.10 The Interconnect Controller

228

(1)

4.3.11 Token-Ring switching

229

(1)

Backbone ring performance

230

(1)

Creating a collapsed backbone

231

(1)

Token-Ring switch operations

232

(1)

The dedicated Token-Ring standard

232

(1)

Recent developments

233

(2)

5 Wide Area Networks and Network Facilities

235

(48)

5.1 Circuit Switched Networks

235

(14)

5.1.1 Types of facility

237

(1)

Analog

237

(1)

Modem utilization

238

(1)

DSL

239

(2)

Operation

241

(1)

Discrete multitone modulation

242

(1)

Carrierless amplitude/phase modulation

242

(1)

Digital

243

(1)

DSU utilization

243

(2)

ISDN

245

(1)

Basic Rate Interface

245

(2)

Primary Rate Interface

247

(1)

Utilization

248

(1)

5.2 Leased Line Networks

249

(10)

5.2.1 Frequency division multiplexing

249

(1)

ITU-T FDM recommendations

250

(1)

Analog leased lines

251

(1)

Modem utilization

251

(2)

5.2.2 Time division multiplexing

253

(1)

5.2.3 T-carrier evolution

253

(1)

Channel banks

254

(1)

Digital transmission facilities

255

(1)

256

(3)

5.3 Packet Switching Networks

259

(24)

5.3.1 Multiplexing versus packet switching

259

(1)

5.3.2 Packet network construction

259

(1)

5.3.3 Packet network recommendations

260

(1)

5.3.4 The PDN and value-added networks

261

(1)

5.3.5 Packet network architecture

262

(1)

Datagram packet networks

262

(1)

Virtual circuit packet networks

263

(1)

5.3.6 Packet formation

264

(1)

X.25

264

(1)

Packet format and content

265

(1)

Call establishment

266

(1)

Flow control

267

(2)

5.3.7 Advantages of X.25 packet networks

269

(1)

5.3.8 Internetwork utilization

269

(1)

5.3.9 Remote access

270

(1)

5.3.10 Technological advances

271

(1)

Packet network delay problems

271

(1)

Fast packet switching

272

(1)

Frame relay

273

(1)

Comparison to X.25

273

(2)

Utilization

275

(1)

Operation

276

(1)

The CIR

277

(3)

Voice over frame relay

280

(3)

6 Network Layer Operations

283

(44)

6.1 NetWare IPX/SPX and related protocols

284

(13)

6.1.1 IPX

284

(1)

Checksum field

284

(1)

Length field

285

(1)

Transport Control field

286

(1)

Packet Type field

286

(1)

Destination Network field

286

(1)

Destination Node field

287

(1)

Destination Socket field

287

(1)

Source Network field

288

(1)

Source Node and Source Socket fields

288

(1)

IPX data field composition

288

(1)

6.1.2 SPX

289

(1)

Connection Control field

289

(1)

Datastream Type field

290

(1)

Source and Destination Connection ID fields

291

(1)

Sequence Number field

292

(1)

Acknowledgment Number field

292

(1)

Allocation Number field

292

(1)

6.1.3 SAP and RIP

292

(1)

SAP operation

292

(1)

SAP fields

293

(1)

RIP operation

294

(1)

Performance issues

294

(1)

6.1.4 NCP

294

(1)

Request/Response Type fields

295

(1)

Sequence Number field

295

(1)

Connection Number fields

296

(1)

Task Number field

296

(1)

Function and Completion Code fields

296

(1)

Packet bursting

296

(1)

6.2 TCP/IP

297

(30)

6.2.1 Protocol development

297

(1)

6.2.2 The TCP/IP structure

298

(1)

6.2.3 Datagrams versus virtual circuits

300

(4)

6.2.4 ICMP and ARP

304

(1)

6.2.5 TCP

304

(1)

Source and Destination Port fields

305

(1)

Sequence fields

305

(1)

Control field flags

306

(1)

Window field

306

(1)

Checksum field

307

(1)

Urgent Pointer field

307

(1)

TCP transmission sequence example

307

(3)

6.2.6 UDP

310

(1)

Source and Destination Port fields

310

(1)

Length fields

310

(1)

6.2.7 IP

311

(1)

IP header format

311

(1)

Version field

311

(1)

Header Length and Total Length fields

311

(1)

Type of Service field

312

(1)

Identification and Fragment Offset fields

312

(2)

Time To Live field

314

(1)

Flags field

314

(1)

Protocol field

314

(1)

Source and Destination Address fields

314

(1)

IP addressing

315

(1)

Class A

315

(1)

Class B

315

(1)

Class C

316

(1)

Host restrictions

316

(1)

Subnetting

317

(1)

Subnet masks

317

(2)

Domain Name Service

319

(1)

Name server

320

(1)

6.2.8 TCP/IP configuration

321

(4)

6.2.9 Operating multiple stacks

325

(2)

7 Bridging Methods

327

(34)

7.1 Bridging Methods

327

(17)

7.1.1 Transparent bridging

327

(1)

Port/address table construction

328

(1)

Advantages

329

(1)

Disadvantages

329

(1)

Spanning tree protocol

330

(1)

Operation

331

(1)

Physical versus active topology

331

(1)

Spanning tree algorithm

332

(4)

Constructing the spanning tree

336

(1)

Bridge Protocol Data Unit

337

(1)

Protocol dependency

338

(1)

7.1.2 Source routing

339

(2)

Operation

341

(1)

Advantages

342

(1)

Disadvantages

342

(1)

7.1.3 Source routing transport bridges

343

(1)

Operation

344

(1)

Advantages

344

(1)

7.2 Network Utilization

344

(3)

7.2.1 Serial and sequential bridging

344

(1)

7.2.2 Parallel bridging

345

(2)

7.3 Performance Issues

347

(14)

7.3.1 Traffic flow

347

(1)

7.3.2 Network types

348

(1)

7.3.3 Type of Bridge

348

(1)

7.3.4 Estimating network traffic

348

(2)

Internet traffic

350

(1)

Network types

350

(1)

Bridge type

351

(1)

7.3.5 Bridge operational considerations

351

(1)

Ethernet traffic

352

(2)

Token-Ring traffic

354

(7)

8 Routers

361

(24)

8.1 Router Operation

361

(5)

IP support overview

362

(2)

8.1.1 Networking capability

364

(1)

8.2 Communications and Routing Protocols

366

(16)

Routing protocols

366

(1)

8.2.1 Handling non-portable protocols

366

(1)

8.2.2 Communications protocols

367

(1)

8.2.3 Protocol-dependent routers

367

(1)

NetWare IPX example

368

(1)

Addressing differences

369

(1)

Other problems

369

(2)

8.2.4 Protocol-independent router

371

(1)

Advantages

371

(1)

Supporting SNA traffic

372

(1)

Methods to consider

373

(1)

8.2.5 Routing protocols

373

(1)

Vector distance protocol

374

(1)

Examples

375

(5)

Link state protocol

380

(1)

SPF algorithms

381

(1)

Operation example

381

(1)

8.3 Performance Considerations

382

(3)

9 Gateway Functions, Methods and Applications

385

(48)

9.1 SNA and APPN Architecture

386

(19)

9.1.1 SNA concepts

387

(1)

The SSCP

387

(1)

The PU

388

(1)

The LU

388

(1)

9.1.2 SNA network structure

389

(1)

Types of PUs

390

(1)

Multiple domains

391

(2)

SNA layers

393

(2)

SNA developments

395

(1)

9.1.3 SNA sessions

395

(1)

LU-to-LU sessions

396

(1)

Addressing

396

(2)

9.1.4 Advanced peer-to-peer networking

398

(1)

APPC concepts

399

(1)

APPN architecture

400

(1)

LEN nodes

400

(1)

End nodes

401

(1)

Network nodes

401

(1)

Operation

401

(2)

Route selection

403

(2)

9.2 The 3270 Information Display System

405

(7)

9.2.1 Data flow

406

(1)

9.2.2 3270 protocols

407

(1)

9.2.3 Types of control unit

407

(1)

9.2.4 Terminal displays

408

(2)

9.2.5 3270 keyboard functions

410

(1)

Emulation considerations

411

(1)

9.3 SNA and APPN Gateway Options

412

(13)

9.3.1 Ethernet connectivity

412

(2)

9.3.2 Alternative gateway methods

414

(1)

SDLC connectivity

414

(2)

X.25 connectivity

416

(2)

The TIC connection

418

(1)

3278/9 coaxial connection

419

(1)

9.3.3 Using the 3172 Interconnect Controller

420

(1)

Software considerations

421

(3)

TN3270 operations

424

(1)

9.4 Data Link Switching

425

(3)

9.4.1 Overview

426

(1)

9.4.2 Operation

427

(1)

9.5 Communications Servers

428

(5)

9.5.1 MPTN

429

(1)

9.5.2 Other gateways

430

(3)

10 Network Security

433

(20)

10.1 Routers

433

(7)

10.1.1 Access lists

434

(1)

Configuring an access list

435

(2)

Extended access lists

437

(1)

Additional extensions

438

(1)

10.1.2 Router access

439

(1)

10.1.3 Threats not handled

440

(1)

10.2 Firewall

440

(13)

10.2.1 Placement

441

(1)

10.2.2 Features

442

(1)

Proxy services

442

(1)

Using classes

443

(1)

Address translation

444

(1)

Stateful inspection

445

(1)

Alerts

446

(1)

Authentication

447

(1)

Static passwords

447

(1)

Token-based passwords

448

(1)

One-time passwords

448

(2)

Packet filtering

450

(2)

10.2.3 The gap to consider

452

(1)

11 vLANs and Virtual Networking

453

(42)

11.1 vLANs

453

(21)

11.1.1 Port-grouping vLANs

453

(1)

Operation

454

(1)

Port versus segment switching

454

(1)

Advantages

454

(1)

Disadvantages

454

(1)

Supporting inter-vLAN communications

455

(1)

11.1.2 MAC-based switching

456

(1)

Operational example

457

(1)

Advantages

458

(1)

Flexibility

459

(1)

Bandwidth and expandability

459

(1)

Disadvantages

460

(1)

MAC address lists

460

(1)

Interswitch communications

460

(1)

Router restrictions

461

(3)

11.1.3 Layer-3 based vLANs

464

(1)

Subnet-based vLANs

464

(1)

Advantages

465

(1)

Disadvantages

466

(1)

Protocol-based vLANs

466

(1)

Advantages

467

(1)

Disadvantages

468

(1)

11.1.4 Rule-based vLANs

469

(1)

Capabilities

469

(1)

Multicast support

469

(1)

Advantages

470

(1)

Disadvantages

471

(1)

11.1.5 Comparing vLAN creation features

471

(1)

Connectivity beyond the workgroup

471

(1)

Ease of station assignment

471

(1)

Flexibility

472

(1)

Improved workgroup bandwidth

472

(1)

Multicast support

472

(1)

Multiple vLANs per port

472

(1)

Security

473

(1)

vLAN spanning

474

(1)

11.2 Virtual Networking

474

(21)

11.2.1 Rationale

475

(1)

Reliability

475

(1)

Economics

476

(1)

11.2.2 Applications

477

(1)

Voice and fax

478

(1)

Micom's V/IP

478

(1)

11.2.3 Remote server Access

479

(1)

PPTP

480

(1)

Utilization

480

(1)

L2F

481

(1)

L2TP

481

(1)

11.2.4 Local virtual networking

482

(1)

Inter-vLAN, intra-switch communications

482

(1)

Creative communications

482

(1)

Using a router

483

(3)

Inter-vLAN, inter-switch communications

486

(1)

Creative communications

486

(1)

Using a router

486

(1)

Single vLAN per swtich

487

(1)

Multiple vLANs per switch

487

(1)

Backbone switching

487

(1)

ATM considerations

488

(1)

11.2.5 Using the Internet

489

(1)

Security considerations

490

(1)

Encryption

490

(1)

Authentication

491

(1)

11.2.6 Testing considerations

492

(3)

12 Performance Issues

495

(8)

12.1 Interactive Sessions

495

(5)

12.1.1 Text display

496

(1)

Considering multiple transfer requests

497

(1)

12.1.2 Graphics display

498

(2)

12.2 File Transfers

500

(3)

12.2.1 Transfer time

500

(1)

12.2.2 Issues

501

(2)

Index

503

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Internetworking LANs and WANs Concepts, Techniques and Methods

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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Internetworking LANs and WANs Concepts, Techniques and Methods

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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