Internetworking with TCP/IP, Vol. III Client-Server Programming and Applications, Linux/Posix Sockets Version

, by Comer, Douglas E.; Stevens, David L.

Note: Supplemental materials are not guaranteed with Rental or Used book purchases.

ISBN: 9780130320711 | 0130320714
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 9/11/2000

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Internetworking with TCP/IP, Volume IIIdescribes the fundamental concepts of client-server computing used to build all distributed computing systems, and presents an in-depth guide to the Posix sockets standard utilized by Linux and other operating systems. Dr. Douglas E. Comer compares leading server designs, and describes the key tools and techniques used to build clients and servers, including Remote Procedure Call (RPC). The book contains examples of running programs that illustrate each approach.Comer introduces the client-server model and its software design implications; the role of concurrent processing and threads; the Socket API, and differences that impact Linux programmers. Understand the key algorithms and issues associated with client and server software design; then review three leading approaches: iterative, connectionless servers (UPD); and both iterative and concurrent connection-oriented servers (TCP). The book contains extensive coverage of threading, including a new chapter on using threads for concurrency; as well as coverage of single-threaded and multi-threaded concurrent servers. Comer introduces multi-protocol and multi-service services; reviews client concurrency; tunneling at the transport and application levels; and external data representation (XDR). He reviews RPC, distributed program generation, NFS concepts and protocol; Telnet; streaming media transport; and finally, techniques for avoiding deadlock and starvation in client-server systems.For everyone who wants to master TCP/IP and understand how the Internet works.

Foreword

xxiii

Preface

xxv

Introduction And Overview

(8)

Internet Applications Using TCP/IP

(1)

Designing Applications For A Distributed Environment

(1)

Standard And Nonstandard Application Protocols

(1)

An Example Of Standard Application Protocol Use

(1)

An Example TELNET Connection

(1)

Using TELNET To Access An Alternative Service

(1)

Application Protocols And Software Flexibility

(1)

Viewing Services From The Provider's Perspective

(1)

The Remainder Of This Text

(1)

Summary

(2)

The Client Server Model And Software Design

(14)

Introduction

(1)

Motivation

(1)

Terminology And Concepts

(10)

Clients And Servers

(1)

Privilege And Complexity

(1)

Standard Vs. Nonstandard Client Software

(1)

Parameterization Of Clients

(1)

Connectionless Vs. Connection-Oriented Servers

(1)

Stateless Vs. Stateful Servers

(1)

A Stateless File Server Example

(1)

A Stateful File Server Example

(1)

Identifying A Client

(2)

Statelessness Is A Protocol Issue

(1)

Servers As Clients

(1)

Summary

(3)

Concurrent Processing In Client-Server Software

(16)

Introduction

(1)

Concurrency In Networks

(2)

Concurrency In Servers

(1)

Terminology And Concepts

(3)

The Process Concept

(1)

Sharing Of Local And Global Variables

(1)

Procedure Calls

(1)

An Example Of Concurrent Process Creation

(5)

A Sequential C Example

(1)

A Concurrent Version

(1)

Timeslicing

(1)

Singly-Threaded Process Assumption

(1)

Making Processes Diverge

(1)

Executing New Code

(1)

Context Switching And Protocol Software Design

(1)

Concurrency and Asynchronous I/O

(1)

Summary

(3)

Application Interface To Protocols

(8)

Introduction

(1)

Loosely Specified Protocol Software Interface

(1)

Advantages And Disadvantages

(1)

Interface Functionality

(1)

Conceptual Interface Specification

(1)

System Calls

(1)

Two Basic Approaches To Network Communication

(1)

The Basic I/O Functions Available In Linux

(2)

Using Linux I/O With TCP/IP

(1)

Summary

(2)

The Socket API

(16)

Introduction

(1)

Berkeley Sockets

(1)

Specifying A Protocol Interface

(1)

The Socket Abstraction

(3)

Socket Descriptors And File Descriptors

(1)

System Data Structures For Sockets

(1)

Making A Socket Active Or Passive

(1)

Specifying An Endpoint Address

(1)

A Generic Address Structure

(2)

Major System Calls In The Socket API

(4)

The Socket Call

(1)

The Connect Call

(1)

The Send Call

(1)

The Recv Call

(1)

The Close Call

(1)

The Bind Call

(1)

The Listen Call

(1)

The Accept Call

(1)

Using Read And Write With Sockets

(1)

Summary Of Socket Calls

(1)

Utility Routines For Integer Conversion

(1)

Using Socket Calls In A Program

(1)

Symbolic Constants For Socket Call Parameters

(1)

Summary

(3)

Algorithms And Issues In Client Software Design

(18)

Introduction

(1)

Learning Algorithms Instead Of Details

(1)

Client Architecture

(1)

Identifying The Location Of A Server

(2)

Parsing An Address Argument

(1)

Looking Up A Domain Name

(1)

Looking Up A Well-Known Port By Name

(1)

Port Numbers And Network Byte Order

(1)

Looking Up A Protocol By Name

(1)

The TCP Client Algorithm

(1)

Allocating A Socket

(1)

Choosing A Local Protocol Port Number

(1)

A Fundamental Problem In Choosing A Local IP Address

(1)

Connecting A TCP Socket To A Server

(1)

Communicating With The Server Using TCP

(1)

Receiving A Response From A TCP Connection

(1)

Closing A TCP Connection

(1)

The Need For Partial Close

(1)

A Partial Close Operation

(1)

Programming A UDP Client

(1)

Connected And Unconnected UDP Sockets

(1)

Using Connect With UDP

(1)

Communicating With A Server Using UDP

(1)

Closing A Socket That Uses UDP

(1)

Partial Close For UDP

(1)

A Warning About UDP Unreliability

(1)

Summary

(4)

Example Client Software

(20)

Introduction

(1)

The Importance Of Small Examples

(1)

Hiding Details

(1)

An Example Procedure Library For Client Programs

(1)

Implementation Of ConnectTCP

(1)

Implementation Of ConnectUDP

(1)

A Procedure That Forms Connections

(3)

Using The Example Library

(1)

The DAYTIME Service

(1)

Implementation Of A TCP Client For DAYTIME

(1)

Reading From A TCP Connection

(1)

The TIME Service

(1)

Accessing the TIME Service

(1)

Accurate Times And Network Delays

(1)

A UDP Client For The TIME Service

(2)

The ECHO Service

(1)

A TCP Client For The ECHO Service

(2)

A UDP Client For The ECHO Service

(2)

Summary

(3)

Algorithms And Issues In Server Software Design

101

(24)

Introduction

101

(1)

The Conceptual Server Algorithm

101

(1)

Concurrent Vs. Iterative Servers

102

(1)

Connection-Oriented Vs. Connectionless Access

102

(1)

Transport Protocol Semantics

103

(1)

TCP Semantics

103

(1)

UDP Semantics

103

(1)

Choice Of Transport

104

(1)

Connection-Oriented Servers

104

(1)

Connectionless Servers

105

(1)

Failure, Reliability, And Statelessness

106

(1)

Optimizing Stateless Servers

106

(3)

Four Basic Types Of Servers

109

(1)

Request Processing Time

109

(1)

Iterative Server Algorithms

110

(1)

An Iterative, Connection-Oriented Server Algorithm

110

(1)

Binding To A Well-Known Address Using INADDR_ANY

111

(1)

Placing The Socket In Passive Mode

112

(1)

Accepting Connections And Using Them

112

(1)

An Iterative, Connectionless Server Algorithm

112

(1)

Forming A Reply Address In A Connectionless Server

113

(1)

Concurrent Server Algorithms

114

(1)

Master And Slaves

114

(1)

A Concurrent, Connectionless Server Algorithm

115

(1)

A Concurrent, Connection-Oriented Server Algorithm

116

(1)

Implementations Of Server Concurrency

117

(1)

Using Separate Programs As Slaves

118

(1)

Apparent Concurrency Using A Single Thread

118

(1)

When To Use Each Server Type

119

(1)

A Summary of Server Types

120

(1)

The Important Problem Of Server Deadlock

121

(1)

Alternative Implementations

122

(1)

Summary

122

(3)

Iterative, Connectionless Servers (UDP)

125

(10)

Introduction

125

(1)

Creating A Passive Socket

125

(4)

Process Structure

129

(1)

An Example TIME Server

130

(2)

Summary

132

(3)

Iterative, Connection-Oriented Servers (TCP)

135

(8)

Introduction

135

(1)

Allocating A Passive TCP Socket

135

(1)

A Server For The DAYTIME Service

136

(1)

Process Structure

136

(1)

An Example DAYTIME Server

137

(3)

Closing Connections

140

(1)

Connection Termination And Server Vulnerability

140

(1)

Summary

141

(2)

Concurrent, Connection-Oriented Servers (TCP)

143

(8)

Introduction

143

(1)

ECHO Service

143

(1)

Iterative Vs. Concurrent Implementations

144

(1)

Process Structure

144

(1)

An Example Concurrent ECHO Server

145

(4)

Cleaning Up Errant Processes

149

(1)

Summary

150

(1)

Using Threads For Concurrency (TCP)

151

(12)

Introduction

151

(1)

Overview Of Linux Threads

151

(1)

Advantages Of Threads

152

(1)

Disadvantages Of Threads

153

(1)

Descriptors, Delay, And Exit

153

(1)

Thread Exit

154

(1)

Thread Coordination And Synchronization

154

(2)

Mutex

154

(1)

Semaphore

155

(1)

Condition Variable

155

(1)

An Example Server Using Threads

156

(4)

Monitor And Control

160

(1)

Summary

161

(2)

Single-Thread, Concurrent Servers (TCP)

163

(8)

Introduction

163

(1)

Data-driven Processing In A Server

163

(1)

Data-Driven Processing With A Single Thread

164

(1)

Process Structure Of A Single-Thread Server

165

(1)

An Example Single-Thread ECHO Server

166

(2)

Summary

168

(3)

Multiprotocol Servers (TCP, UDP)

171

(8)

Introduction

171

(1)

The Motivation For Reducing The Number Of Servers

171

(1)

Multiprotocol Server Design

172

(1)

Process Structure

172

(1)

An Example Multiprotocol DAYTIME Server

173

(4)

The Concept Of Shared Code

177

(1)

Concurrent Multiprotocol Servers

177

(1)

Summary

178

(1)

Multiservice Servers (TCP, UDP)

179

(20)

Introduction

179

(1)

Consolidating Servers

179

(1)

A Connectionless, Multiservice Server Design

180

(1)

A Connection-Oriented, Multiservice Server Design

181

(1)

A Concurrent, Connection-Oriented, Multiservice Server

182

(1)

A Single-Thread, Multiservice Server Implementation

182

(1)

Invoking Separate Programs From A Multiservice Server

183

(2)

Multiservice, Multiprotocol Designs

185

(1)

An Example Multiservice Server

185

(7)

Static and Dynamic Server Configuration

192

(1)

The Super Server, Inetd

193

(2)

An Example Inetd Server

195

(2)

A List Of Server Variations

197

(1)

Summary

197

(2)

Uniform, Efficient Management Of Server Concurrency

199

(14)

Introduction

199

(1)

Choosing Between An Iterative And A Concurrent Design

199

(1)

Level Of Concurrency

200

(1)

Demand-Driven Concurrency

201

(1)

The Cost Of Concurrency

201

(1)

Overhead And Delay

202

(1)

Small Delays Can Matter

202

(2)

Slave Preallocation

204

(4)

Preallocation In Linux

204

(1)

Preallocation In A Connection-Oriented Server

205

(1)

Mutex, File Locking, and Concurrent Calls To Accept

206

(1)

Preallocation In A Connectionless Server

207

(1)

Preallocation, Bursty Traffic, And NFS

208

(1)

Preallocation On A Multiprocessor

208

(1)

Delayed Slave Allocation

208

(2)

The Uniform Basis For Both Techniques

210

(1)

Combining Techniques

210

(1)

Summary

211

(2)

Concurrency In Clients

213

(14)

Introduction

213

(1)

The Advantages Of Concurrency

213

(1)

The Motivation For Exercising Control

214

(1)

Concurrent Contact With Multiple Servers

215

(1)

Implementing Concurrent Clients

216

(1)

Single-Thread Implementations

217

(1)

An Example Concurrent Client That Uses ECHO

218

(4)

Execution Of The Concurrent Client

222

(2)

Concurrency In The Example Code

224

(1)

Summary

224

(3)

Tunneling At The Transport And Application Levels

227

(10)

Introduction

227

(1)

Multiprotocol Environments

227

(2)

Mixing Network Technologies

229

(1)

Dynamic Circuit Allocation

230

(1)

Encapsulation And Tunneling

231

(1)

Tunneling Through An IP Internet

232

(1)

Application-Level Tunneling Between Clients And Servers

232

(1)

Tunneling, Encapsulation, And Dialup Phone Lines

233

(1)

Summary

234

(3)

Application Level Gateways

237

(20)

Introduction

237

(1)

Clients And Servers In Constrained Environments

237

(1)

The Reality Of Limited Access

237

(1)

Computers With Limited Functionality

238

(1)

Connectivity Constraints That Arise From Security

238

(1)

Using Application Gateways

238

(2)

Interoperability Through A Mail Gateway

240

(1)

Implementation Of A Mail Gateway

240

(1)

A Comparison Of Application Gateways And Tunneling

241

(2)

Application Gateways And Limited Internet Connectivity

243

(2)

Application Gateways Used For Security

245

(1)

Application Gateways And The Extra Hop Problem

245

(2)

An Example Application Gateway

247

(1)

Implementation Of An Application Gateway

248

(2)

Code For The Application Gateway

250

(1)

An Example Gateway Exchange

251

(1)

Using Rfcd With forward Or Slocal

252

(1)

A General-Purpose Application Gateway

253

(1)

Operation Of SLIRP

253

(1)

How SLIRP Handles Connections

254

(1)

IP Addressing And SLIRP

254

(1)

Summary

255

(2)

External Data Representation (XDR)

257

(14)

Introduction

257

(1)

Representations Of Data

257

(1)

Asymmetric Conversion And The N-Squared Problem

258

(1)

Network Standard Byte Order

259

(2)

A De Facto Standard External Data Representation

261

(1)

XDR Data Types

261

(2)

Implicit Types

263

(1)

Software Support For Using XDR

263

(1)

XDR Library Routines

263

(1)

Building A Message One Piece At A Time

264

(1)

Conversion Routines In The XDR Library

265

(2)

XDR Streams, I/O, and TCP

267

(1)

Records, Record Boundaries, And Datagram I/O

268

(1)

Summary

268

(3)

Remote Procedure Call Concept (RPC)

271

(24)

Introduction

271

(1)

Remote Procedure Call Model

271

(1)

Two Paradigms For Building Distributed Programs

272

(1)

A Conceptual Model For Conventional Procedure Calls

273

(1)

An Extension Of the Procedural Model

274

(1)

Execution Of Conventional Procedure Call And Return

274

(1)

The Procedural Model In Distributed Systems

275

(1)

Analogy Between Client-Server And RPC

276

(1)

Distributed Computation As A Program

277

(1)

Sun Microsystems' Remote Procedure Call Definition

278

(1)

Remote Programs And Procedures

278

(1)

Reducing The Number Of Arguments

279

(1)

Identifying Remote Programs And Procedures

279

(1)

Accommodating Multiple Versions Of A Remote Program

280

(1)

Mutual Exclusion For Procedures In A Remote Program

281

(1)

Communication Semantics

282

(1)

At Least Once Semantics

282

(1)

RPC Retransmission

283

(1)

Mapping A Remote Program To A Protocol Port

283

(1)

Dynamic Port Mapping

284

(1)

RPC Port Mapper Algorithm

285

(2)

ONC RPC Message Format

287

(1)

Marshaling Arguments For A Remote Procedure

288

(1)

Authentication

288

(2)

An Example Of RPC Message Representation

290

(1)

An Example Of The UNIX Authentication Field

290

(1)

Summary

291

(4)

Distributed Program Generation (Rpcgen Concept)

295

(12)

Introduction

295

(1)

Using Remote Procedure Calls

296

(1)

Programming Mechanisms To Support RPC

297

(1)

Dividing A Program Into Local And Remote Procedures

298

(1)

Adding Code For RPC

299

(1)

Stub Procedures

299

(1)

Multiple Remote Procedures And Dispatching

300

(1)

Name Of The Client-Side Stub Procedure

301

(1)

Using Rpcgen To Generate Distributed Programs

302

(1)

Rpcgen Output And Interface Procedures

302

(2)

Rpcgen Input And Output

304

(1)

Using Rpcgen To Build A Client And Server

304

(1)

Summary

305

(2)

Distributed Program Generation (Rpcgen Example)

307

(40)

Introduction

307

(1)

An Example To Illustrate Rpcgen

308

(1)

Dictionary Operations

308

(1)

Eight Steps To A Distributed Application

309

(1)

Build A Conventional Application Program

310

(4)

Divide The Program Into Two Parts

314

(6)

Create An Rpcgen Specification

320

(2)

Run Rpcgen

322

(1)

The .h File Produced By Rpcgen

322

(3)

The XDR Conversion File Produced By Rpcgen

325

(1)

The Client Code Produced By Rpcgen

326

(2)

The Server Code Produced By Rpcgen

328

(3)

Write Stub Interface Procedures

331

(4)

Client-Side Interface Routines

331

(2)

Server-Side Interface Routines

333

(2)

Compile And Link The Client Program

335

(4)

Compile And Link The Server Program

339

(2)

Start The Server And Execute The Client

341

(1)

Using The Make Utility

341

(3)

Summary

344

(3)

Network File System Concepts (NFS)

347

(30)

Introduction

347

(1)

Remote File Access Vs. Transfer

347

(1)

Operations On Remote Files

348

(1)

File Access Among Heterogeneous Computers

348

(1)

Stateless Servers

349

(1)

NFS And UNIX File Semantics

349

(1)

Review Of The UNIX File System

349

(14)

Basic Definitions

350

(1)

A Byte Sequence Without Record Boundaries

350

(1)

A File's Owner And Group Identifiers

350

(1)

Protection And Access

351

(1)

The Open-Read-Write-Close Paradigm

352

(1)

Data Transfer

353

(1)

Permission To Search A Directory

353

(1)

Random Access

354

(1)

Seeking Beyond The End Of File

354

(1)

File Position And Concurrent Access

355

(1)

Semantics Of Write During Concurrent Access

356

(1)

File Names And Paths

356

(1)

Inode: Information Stored With A File

357

(1)

Stat Operation

358

(1)

The File Naming Mechanism

359

(1)

File System Mounts

360

(2)

File Name Resolution

362

(1)

Symbolic Links

363

(1)

Files Under NFS

363

(1)

NFS File Types

364

(1)

NFS File Modes

364

(1)

NFS File Attributes

365

(1)

NFS Client And Server

366

(1)

NFS Client Operation

367

(1)

NFS Client And UNIX Systems

368

(1)

NFS Mounts

369

(1)

File Handle

370

(1)

Handles Replace Path Names

370

(2)

File Positioning With A Stateless Server

372

(1)

Operations On Directories

372

(1)

Reading A Directory Statelessly

372

(1)

Multiple Hierarchies In An NFS Server

373

(1)

The Mount Protocol

374

(1)

Transport Protocols For NFS

374

(1)

Summary

375

(2)

Network File System Protocols (NFS, Mount)

377

(20)

Introduction

377

(1)

Using RPC To Define A Protocol

377

(1)

Defining A Protocol With Data Structures And Procedures

378

(1)

NFS Constant, Type, And Data Declarations

379

(4)

NFS Constants

379

(1)

NFS Typedef Declarations

380

(1)

NFS Data Structures

380

(3)

NFS Procedures

383

(2)

Semantics Of NFS Operations

385

(4)

NFSPROC3_NULL (Procedure 0)

385

(1)

NFSPROC3_GETATTR (Procedure 1)

385

(1)

NFSPROC3_SETATTR (Procedure 2)

385

(1)

NFSPROC3_LOOKUP (Procedure 3)

385

(1)

NFSPROC3_ACCESS (Procedure 4)

385

(1)

NFSPROC3_READLINK (Procedure 5)

385

(1)

NFSPROC3_READ (Procedure 6)

386

(1)

NFSPROC3_WRITE (Procedure 7)

386

(1)

NFSPROC3_CREATE (Procedure 8)

386

(1)

NFSPROC3_MKDIR (Procedure 9)

386

(1)

NFSPROC3_SYMLINK (Procedure 10)

386

(1)

NFSPROC3_MKNOD (Procedure 11)

386

(1)

NFSPROC3_REMOVE (Procedure 12)

387

(1)

NFSPROC3_RMDIR (Procedure 13)

387

(1)

NFSPROC3_RENAME (Procedure 14)

387

(1)

NFSPROC3_LINK (Procedure 15)

387

(1)

NFSPROC3_READDIR (Procedure 16)

387

(1)

NFSPROC3_READDIRPLUS (procedure 17)

388

(1)

NFSPROC3_FSSTAT (Procedure 18)

388

(1)

NFSPROC3_FSINFO (Procedure 19)

388

(1)

NFSPROC3_PATHCONF (Procedure 20)

388

(1)

NFSPROC3_COMMIT (Procedure 21)

389

(1)

The Mount Protocol

389

(2)

Mount Constant Definitions

389

(1)

Mount Type Definitions

389

(1)

Mount Data Structures

390

(1)

Procedures In The Mount Protocol

391

(1)

Semantics of Mount Operations

391

(2)

MOUNTPROC3_NULL (Procedure 0)

392

(1)

MOUNTPROC3_MNT (Procedure 1)

392

(1)

MOUNTPROC3_DUMP (Procedure 2)

392

(1)

MOUNTPROC3_UMNT (Procedure 3)

392

(1)

MOUNTPROC3_UMNTALL (Procedure 4)

392

(1)

MOUNTPROC3_EXPORT (Procedure 5)

392

(1)

NFS And Mount Authentication

393

(1)

File Locking

394

(1)

Changes In NFS Between Versions 3 And 4

394

(1)

Summary

395

(2)

A Telnet Client (Program Structure)

397

(38)

Introduction

397

(1)

Overview

398

(2)

The User's Terminal

398

(1)

Command And Control Information

398

(1)

Terminals, Windows, and Files

398

(1)

The Need For Concurrency

399

(1)

A Process Model For A TELNET Client

400

(1)

A TELNET Client Algorithm

400

(1)

Terminal I/O In Linux

401

(2)

Controlling A Device Driver

402

(1)

Establishing Terminal Modes

403

(2)

Global Variable Used For Stored State

405

(1)

Restoring Terminal Modes Before Exit

406

(1)

Client Suspension And Resumption

407

(1)

Finite State Machine Specification

408

(1)

Embedding Commands In A TELNET Data Stream

409

(1)

Option Negotiation

410

(1)

Request/Offer Symmetry

410

(1)

TELNET Character Definitions

411

(1)

A Finite State Machine For Data From The Server

412

(1)

Transitions Among States

413

(2)

A Finite State Machine Implementation

415

(1)

A Compact FSM Representation

415

(2)

Keeping The Compact Representation At Run-Time

417

(1)

Implementation Of A Compact Representation

417

(2)

Building An FSM Transition Matrix

419

(2)

The Socket Output Finite State Machine

421

(2)

Definitions For The Socket Output FSM

423

(1)

The Option Subnegotiation Finite State Machine

424

(1)

Definitions For The Option Subnegotiation FSM

425

(1)

FSM Initialization

426

(1)

Arguments For The TELNET Client

427

(1)

The Heart Of The TELNET Client

428

(4)

Implementation Of The Main FSM

432

(1)

Summary

433

(2)

A TELNET Client (Implementation Details)

435

(32)

Introduction

435

(1)

The FSM Action Procedures

435

(1)

Recording The Type Of An Option Request

436

(1)

Performing No Operation

437

(1)

Responding To WILL/WONT For The Echo Option

437

(2)

Responding To WILL/WONT For Unsupported Options

439

(1)

Responding To WILL/WONT For The No Go-Ahead Option

439

(2)

Generating DO/DONT For Binary Transmission

441

(1)

Responding To DO/DONT For Unsupported Options

442

(1)

Responding To DO/DONT For Transmit Binary Option

442

(2)

Responding To DO/DONT For The Terminal Type Option

444

(1)

Option Subnegotiation

445

(1)

Sending Terminal Type Information

446

(2)

Terminating Subnegotiation

448

(1)

Sending A Character To The Server

448

(2)

Displaying Incoming Data On The User's Terminal

450

(3)

Using Termcap To Control The User's Terminal

453

(2)

Writing A Block Of Data To The Server

455

(1)

Interacting With The Client Process

456

(1)

Responding To Illegal Commands

456

(1)

Scripting To A File

457

(1)

Implementation Of Scripting

457

(1)

Initialization Of Scripting

458

(1)

Collecting Characters Of The Script File Name

459

(1)

Opening A Script File

460

(2)

Terminating Scripting

462

(1)

Printing Status Information

463

(1)

Summary

464

(3)

Streaming Audio And Video Transport (RTP Concept And Design)

467

(20)

Introduction

467

(1)

Streaming Service

467

(1)

Real-Time Delivery

468

(1)

Protocol Compensation For Jitter

468

(1)

Retransmission, Loss, And Recovery

469

(1)

Real-Time Transport Protocol

470

(1)

Stream Translation And Mixing

471

(1)

Delayed Playback And Jitter Buffers

471

(1)

RTP Control Protocol (RTCP)

472

(2)

Synchronizing Multiple Streams

474

(1)

RTP Transport And Many-To-Many Transmission

475

(1)

Sessions, Streams, Protocol Ports, And Demultiplexing

476

(1)

Basic Approaches To Encoding

477

(1)

Conceptual Organization Of RTP Software

478

(1)

Process/Thread Structure

479

(2)

Semantics Of The API

481

(1)

Jitter Buffer Design And Rebuffering

482

(1)

Event Handling

483

(1)

Playback Anomaly And Timestamp Complications

483

(1)

Size of An Example Real-Time Library

484

(1)

An Example MP3 Player

484

(1)

Summary

485

(2)

Streaming Audio And Video Transport (Example RTP Implementation)

487

(28)

Introduction

487

(1)

An Integrated Implementation

487

(1)

Program Architecture

488

(1)

RTP Definitions

488

(4)

Manipulation Of Time Values

492

(1)

RTP Sequence Space Processing

493

(1)

RTP Packet Queue Manipulation

494

(2)

RTP Input Processing

496

(3)

Keeping Statistics For RTCP

499

(1)

RTP Initialization

500

(4)

RTCP Definitions

504

(2)

Receiving RTCP Sender Reports

506

(1)

Generating RTCP Receiver Reports

507

(2)

RTCP Header Creation

509

(1)

RTCP Delay Computation

510

(1)

Generation Of An RTCP Bye Message

511

(1)

Size Of An Integrated Implementation

511

(1)

Summary

512

(3)

Practical Hints And Techniques For Linux Servers

515

(18)

Introduction

515

(1)

Operating In Background

515

(1)

Programming A Server To Operate In Background

516

(1)

Open Descriptors And Inheritance

517

(1)

Programming A Server To Close Inherited Descriptors

518

(1)

Signals From The Controlling TTY

518

(1)

Programming A Server To Change Its Controlling TTY

519

(1)

Moving To A Safe And Known Directory

519

(1)

Programming A Server To Change Directories

520

(1)

The Linux Umask

520

(1)

Programming A Server To Set Its Umask

521

(1)

Process Groups

521

(1)

Programming A Server To Set Its Process Group

521

(1)

Descriptors For Standard I/O

522

(1)

Programming A Server To Open Standard Descriptors

522

(1)

Mutual Exclusion For The Server

522

(1)

Programming A Server To Avoid Multiple Copies

523

(1)

Recording A Server's Process ID

524

(1)

Programming A Server To Record Its Process ID

524

(1)

Waiting For A Child Process To Exit

524

(1)

Programming A Server To Wait For Each Child To Exit

525

(1)

Extraneous Signals

525

(1)

Programming A Server To Ignore Extraneous Signals

525

(1)

Using A System Log Facility

525

(6)

Generating Log Messages

525

(1)

The Advantage Of Indirection And Standard Error

526

(1)

Limitations Of I/O Redirection

527

(1)

A Client-Server Solution

527

(1)

The Syslog Mechanism

528

(1)

Syslog Message Classes

528

(1)

Syslog Facilities

528

(1)

Syslog Priority Levels

529

(1)

Using Syslog

529

(1)

An Example Syslog Configuration File

530

(1)

Summary

531

(2)

Deadlock And Starvation In Client-Server Systems

533

(10)

Introduction

533

(1)

Definition Of Deadlock

534

(1)

Difficulty Of Deadlock Detection

534

(1)

Deadlock Avoidance

535

(1)

Deadlock Between A Client And Server

535

(1)

Avoiding Deadlock In A Single Interaction

536

(1)

Starvation Among A Set Of Clients And A Server

536

(1)

Busy Connections And Starvation

537

(1)

Avoiding Blocking Operations

538

(1)

Processes, Connections, And Other Limits

538

(1)

Cycles Of Clients And Servers

539

(1)

Documenting Dependencies

540

(1)

Summary

540

(3)

Appendix 1 System Calls And Library Routines Used With Sockets

543

(30)

Appendix 2 Manipulation Of Linux File And Socket Descriptors

573

(4)

Bibliography

577

(8)

Index

585

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Internetworking with TCP/IP, Vol. III Client-Server Programming and Applications, Linux/Posix Sockets Version

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials