Intro To App Geophysics Cl

Note: Supplemental materials are not guaranteed with Rental or Used book purchases.

ISBN: 9780393926378 | 0393926370
Cover: Hardcover w/CD
Copyright: 7/5/2006

Rent

(Recommended)

$103.87

Term

Due

Price

Semester

Aug 2

$103.87

*This item is part of an exclusive publisher rental program and requires an additional convenience fee. This fee will be reflected in the shopping cart.
Buy New

Usually Ships in 3-5 Business Days

$110.07

Offering a chapter on each of the most common methods of exploration, the text explains in detail how each method is performed and discusses that method's geologic, engineering, and environmental applications. In addition to ample examples, illustrations, and applications throughout, each chapter concludes with a problem set. The text is also accompanied by the Field Geophysics Software Suite , an innovative CD-ROM that allows students to experiment with refraction and reflection seismology, gravity, magnetics, electrical resistivity, and ground-penetrating radar methods of exploration.

Preface

xix

Preface to Computer Materials

xxii

Approaching the Subsurface

(6)

What Are the Options?

(1)

Some Fundamental Considerations

(1)

Defining Objectives

(1)

Limitations

(1)

The Advantage of Multiple Methods

(2)

Seismic Exploration: Fundamental Considerations

(58)

Seismic Waves and Wave Propagation

(14)

Wave Terminology

(2)

Elastic Coefficients

(3)

Seismic Waves

(4)

Seismic Wave Velocities

(3)

Ray Paths in Layered Materials

(18)

Huygens' Principle

(1)

Fermat's Principle

(1)

Reflection

(2)

Refraction

(2)

Snell's Law

(1)

Critical Refraction

(1)

Diffraction

(6)

Wave Arrivals at the Surface

(4)

Wave Attenuation and Amplitude

(8)

Spherical Spreading

(1)

Absorption

(2)

Energy Partitioning

(4)

Additional Factors

(1)

Energy Sources

(3)

Source Types

(2)

Source Considerations

(1)

Seismic Equipment

(10)

Signal Detection

(3)

Signal Conditioning

(3)

Signal Recording

(4)

Summary

(5)

Problems

(2)

References Cited

(2)

Seismic Exploration: The Refraction Method

(84)

A Homogeneous Subsurface

(2)

A Single Subsurface Interface

(14)

Derivation of a Travel-Time Equation

(3)

Analysis of Arrival Times

(2)

Determining Thickness

(1)

Crossover Distance

(1)

Critical Distance

(2)

Constructing a Travel-Time Curve from a Field Seismogram

(2)

Using REFRACT

(1)

The Mohorovicic Discontinuity

(2)

Two Horizontal Interfaces

(9)

Derivation of a Travel-Time Equation

(2)

Determining Thickness

(2)

Critical Distance

(2)

Analyzing a Second Field Seismogram

(3)

Multiple Interfaces

(1)

Dipping Interfaces

(9)

Analyzing the Problem

(6)

Derivation of a Travel-Time Equation

(2)

Determining Thickness

(1)

Multiple Dipping Interfaces

100

(6)

Travel-Time Equation

100

(2)

Analyzing Field Seismograms

102

(4)

The Nonideal Subsurface

106

(14)

Hidden Zones: The Low-Velocity Layer

107

(4)

Hidden Zones: The Thin Layer

111

(3)

Laterally Varying Velocity

114

(2)

Interface Discontinuities

116

(4)

The Delay-Time Method

120

(7)

Other Methods

127

(2)

Wave Front Method

127

(2)

Ray Tracing and the Generalized Reciprocal Method

129

(1)

Field Procedures

129

(7)

Site Selection and Planning Considerations

129

(1)

Equipment Considerations

130

(1)

Geophone Spread Geometries and Placements

131

(3)

Corrections to Data

134

(2)

Applications Using Seismic Refraction

136

(13)

Whately, Massachusetts

136

(1)

Southeastern New Hampshire

137

(1)

Waste Disposal Site

138

(1)

Maricopa Area, Arizona

139

(2)

Problems

141

(6)

References Cited

147

(1)

Suggested Reading

148

(1)

Seismic Exploration: The Reflection Method

149

(116)

A Single Subsurface Interface

150

(17)

Using Reflect

150

(1)

Derivation of a Travel-Time Equation

151

(5)

Analysis of Arrival Times

156

(4)

Normal Move-Out

160

(3)

Determining Velocity and Thickness

163

(2)

Applying the x2 -- t2 Method to a Field Seismogram

165

(2)

Multiple Horizontal Interfaces

167

(15)

The Dix Equation

170

(1)

Determining Velocities

170

(4)

Determining Thicknesses

174

(1)

Further Discussion of the Dix Method

175

(6)

Analyzing a Field Seismogram Containing Multiple Reflections

181

(1)

Dipping Interface

182

(18)

Derivation of a Travel-Time Equation

183

(3)

Determining Dip, Thickness, and Velocity

186

(4)

Determining Dip, Thickness, and Velocity---Another Approach

190

(2)

A Return to Normal Move-Out

192

(5)

Determining Dip, Thickness, and Velocity---Yet Another Approach

197

(3)

Acquiring and Recognizing Reflections from Shallow Interfaces

200

(17)

The Optimum Window

200

(6)

Multiple Reflections

206

(3)

Diffractions

209

(8)

Common Field Procedures

217

(12)

Equipment Considerations

217

(2)

Geophone Spreads

219

(1)

Split Spread

219

(2)

Common Offset

221

(4)

Common Depth Point

225

(4)

Computer Processing of Reflection Data

229

(19)

The Static Correction

229

(3)

Correcting for Normal Move-Out

232

(1)

Velocity Analysis A

233

(2)

Velocity Analysis B

235

(3)

Velocity Analysis C

238

(1)

Stacking CDP Gathers

238

(3)

Migration

241

(3)

Waveform Adjustments

244

(1)

Seismic Sections: Time Sections and Depth Sections

245

(3)

Applying the Seismic Reflection Method

248

(17)

Whately, Massachusetts

248

(1)

Meers Fault, Oklahoma

249

(1)

Cavity Detection

249

(3)

Other Applications

252

(2)

Problems

254

(8)

References Cited

262

(1)

Suggested Reading

263

(2)

Electrical Resistivity

265

(84)

Introduction

265

(2)

Applied Currents

265

(1)

Natural Currents

266

(1)

A Brief History

266

(1)

Chapter Goals

267

(1)

Basic Electricity

267

(3)

Current Flow in a Homogeneous, Isotropic Earth

270

(10)

Point Current Source

270

(1)

Two Current Electrodes

271

(5)

Two Potential Electrodes

276

(4)

A Single Horizontal Interface

280

(22)

Current Distribution

280

(4)

Current Flow Lines and Current Density

284

(3)

Apparent Resistivity

287

(1)

Qualitative Development of the Resistivity Pattern over a Horizontal Interface

288

(2)

Quantitative Development of the Resistivity Pattern over a Horizontal Interface

290

(7)

Using Resist

297

(5)

Multiple Horizontal Interfaces

302

(3)

Vertical Contact

305

(5)

Constant-Spread Traverse

306

(3)

Expanding-Spread Traverse

309

(1)

Two Vertical Contacts, Hemispherical Structures, and Dipping Interfaces

310

(4)

Two Vertical Contacts

312

(1)

Hemispherical Structures

312

(1)

Dipping Interfaces

313

(1)

Field Procedures

314

(9)

Equipment

315

(2)

Electrode Configurations

317

(4)

Surveying Strategies

321

(2)

Other Considerations

323

(1)

Quantitative Interpretation of Apparent Resistivity Curves

323

(8)

Electrical Resistivities of Geologic Materials

324

(1)

Empirical Methods

325

(1)

Analytical Methods---Curve Matching

326

(3)

Analytical Methods---Automated Curve Matching

329

(2)

Applications of Electrical Resistivity Surveying

331

(7)

Applications Related to Aquifers

332

(3)

Applications Related to Contamination

335

(1)

Applications in Mapping Karst and Geologic Structures

335

(3)

Other Applications

338

(1)

Other Electrical Methods

338

(11)

Induced Potential (IP)

338

(1)

Spontaneous Potential (SP)

339

(1)

Telluric and Magnetotelluric Methods

340

(1)

Problems

341

(5)

References Cited

346

(1)

Suggested Reading

347

(2)

Exploration Using Gravity

349

(80)

Fundamental Relationships

350

(1)

Gravitational Acceleration

350

(1)

Measuring Gravity

351

(5)

Relative Measurements Using a Pendulum

351

(1)

Relative Measurements Using a Gravimeter

352

(3)

Absolute Measurements

355

(1)

International Gravity Standardization Net 1971 (IGSN71)

355

(1)

Adjusting Observed Gravity

356

(14)

Variation in g as a Function of Latitude

356

(1)

Correcting for the Latitude Effect

357

(1)

Elevation Correction 1: The Free-Air Correction

358

(2)

Elevation Correction 2: The Bouguer Correction

360

(4)

Elevation Correction 3: The Terrain Correction

364

(5)

The Isostatic Anomaly

369

(1)

Basic Field Procedures

370

(8)

Drift and Tidal Effects

370

(3)

Establishing Base Stations

373

(1)

Determining Elevations

373

(2)

Determining Horizontal Position

375

(1)

Selecting a Reduction Density

376

(1)

Survey Procedure

376

(2)

Gravity Effects of Simple Geometric Shapes

378

(21)

Rock Densities

378

(1)

Gravity Effect of a Sphere

379

(4)

Gravity Effect of a Horizontal Cylinder

383

(3)

Gravity Effect of a Vertical Cylinder

386

(2)

Gravity Effect of an Inclined Rod

388

(2)

Gravity Effect of a Horizontal Sheet

390

(7)

GRAVMAG

397

(2)

Analyzing Anomalies

399

(10)

Regionals and Residuals

399

(3)

Trend Surfaces

402

(1)

Upward and Downward Continuation

403

(4)

Second Derivatives

407

(2)

Filtering

409

(1)

Gravity Interpretation

409

(6)

Half-Maximum Technique

410

(1)

Second Derivative Techniques

411

(2)

Revisiting Some Bouguer Anomaly Values

413

(2)

Applications of the Gravity Method

415

(14)

Bedrock Depths

415

(1)

Subsurface Voids

416

(1)

Landfill Geometry

417

(3)

Problems

420

(6)

References Cited

426

(1)

Suggested Reading

427

(2)

Exploration Using the Magnetic Method

429

(70)

Fundamental Relationships

430

(8)

Magnetic Force

431

(1)

Magnetic Field Strength

431

(1)

Magnetic Moment

432

(1)

Intensity of Magnetization

433

(1)

Magnetic Susceptibility

434

(3)

Magnetic Potential

437

(1)

The Earth's Magnetic Field

438

(8)

Field Elements

438

(1)

Dipolar Nature of the Earth's Field

439

(2)

Variations of the Earth's Field

441

(3)

Dipole Equations

444

(2)

Measuring the Magnetic Field

446

(4)

Flux-Gate Magnetometer

446

(1)

Proton-Precession Magnetometer

447

(1)

Total-Field Anomalies

447

(3)

Basic Field Procedures

450

(4)

Magnetic Cleanliness

450

(1)

Diurnal Corrections

450

(1)

Elevation Corrections

451

(1)

Correcting for Horizontal Position

452

(2)

Magnetic Effects of Simple Geometric Shapes

454

(28)

Rock Susceptibilities

454

(2)

Magnetic Effect of an Isolated Pole (Monopole)

456

(1)

Magnetic Effect of a Dipole

457

(8)

Magnetic Effect of a Sphere

465

(5)

Magnetic Effect of a Thin, Horizontal Sheet

470

(8)

Magnetic Effects of Polygons with Infinite Strike Length (Using GRAVMAG)

478

(4)

Interpretation of Magnetic Data

482

(6)

Disadvantages and Advantages

482

(2)

Quantitative Interpretation Techniques

484

(1)

Half-Maximum Techniques

484

(1)

Slope Methods

485

(3)

Computer Modeling

488

(1)

Applications of the Magnetic Method

488

(11)

Archaeological Surveys

488

(2)

Detection of Voids and Well Casings

490

(3)

Defining Landfill Geometry

493

(1)

Problems

494

(2)

References Cited

496

(1)

Suggested Reading

497

(2)

Electromagnetic Surveying

499

Electromagnetic Waves

500

(9)

Wavelengths

502

(2)

AC/DC

504

(1)

Electrical Properties of Geologic Materials

504

(1)

Electrical Resistivity and Conductivity

505

(1)

Dielectric Properties

505

(2)

Absorption and Attenuation

507

(2)

EM Sounding

509

(12)

Near-Field Continuous-Wave Methods of Frequency Domain Electromagnetics (FDEM)

512

(1)

Moving Transmitter-Plus-Receiver System (Slingram)

512

(2)

Noncontacting Ground Conductivity Measurements

514

(5)

Other FDEM Systems

519

(1)

Time Domain Electromagnetics (TDEM)

519

(2)

EM Field Techniques

521

(3)

Profiling versus Sounding

521

(1)

Sounding

521

(2)

Profiling

523

(1)

Interpretation

523

(1)

Ground-Penetrating Radar

524

(15)

Radar Velocity

525

(2)

Data Acquisition

527

(6)

GPR Velocity Analysis

533

(1)

Burial of Known Object

533

(1)

Walkaway Test

533

(4)

Diffraction Hyperbola

537

(2)

Applications of Electromagnetic Surveying

539

Archaeological Surveys

539

(1)

Aztec Ruins, New Mexico

539

(2)

Ceren, El Salvador

541

(2)

Geologic Applications

543

(3)

Snow and Ice Mapping

546

(1)

Environmental and Engineering Applications

546

(2)

Problems

548

(5)

References Cited

553

(1)

Suggested Reading

554

Appendixes

A. Instructions for Using Refract

(5)

B. Instructions for Using Reflect

(7)

C. Instructions for Using Resist

(4)

D. Instructions for Using GRAVMAG

(7)

E. Instructions for Using Diffract

(9)

Index

Please wait while the item is added to your bag...

FREE SHIPPING

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Intro To App Geophysics Cl

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials