Introducing Phonetics and Phonology

This book examines some of the ways in which linguists can express what native speakers know about the sound system of their language. Intended for the absolute beginner, it requires no previous background in linguistics, phonetics or phonology. Starting with a grounding in phonetics and phonological theory, the book provides a base from which more advanced treatments may be approached. It begins with an examination of the foundations of articulatory and acoustic phonetics, moves on to the basic principles of phonology, and ends with an outline of some further issues within contemporary phonology. Varieties of English, particularly Received Pronunciation and General American, form the focus of consideration, but aspects of the phonetics and phonology of other languages are discussed as well. This new edition includes more discussion of Optimality Theory and a new glossary of terms. It has been updated throughout to take account of the latest developments in phonological theory, but without sacrificing the book's ease of use for beginners.

Mike Davenport is Director of Durham University English Language Centre. S.J. Hannahs is Senior Lecturer at Newcastle University.

List of tables	p. xi
List of figures	p. xiii
Preface	p. xv
Preface to the second edition	p. xvi
Preface to the third edition	p. xvii
The International Phonetic Alphabet	p. xviii
Introduction	p. 1
Phonetics and phonology	p. 1
The generative enterprise	p. 3
Further reading	p. 6
Introduction to articulatory phonetics	p. 7
Overview	p. 7
Speech sound classification	p. 14
Supra-segraental structure	p. 15
	p. 15
Further reading	p. 16
Exercises	p. 17
Consonants	p. 18
Stops	p. 19
Affricates	p. 26
Fricatives	p. 27
Nasals	p. 30
Liquids	p. 31
Glides	p. 34
An inventory of English consonants	p. 36
Further reading	p. 37
Exercises	p. 37
Vowels	p. 39
Vowel classification	p. 39
The vowel space and Cardinal Vowels	p. 40
Further classifications	p. 42
The vowels of English	p. 43
Some vowel systems of English	p. 52
Further reading	p. 55
Exercises	p. 55
Acoustic phonetics	p. 56
Fundamentals	p. 56
Speech sounds	p. 60
Cross-linguistic values	p. 71
Further reading	p. 71
Exercises	p. 71
Above the segment	p. 73
The syllable	p. 73
Stress	p. 78
Tone and intonation	p. 84
Further reading	p. 89
Exercises	p. 90
Features	p. 91
Segmental composition	p. 91
Phonetic vs. phonological features	p. 92
Charting the features	p. 94
Conclusion	p. 110
Further reading	p. 111
Exercises	p. 113
Phonemic analysis	p. 115
Sounds that are the same but different	p. 115
Finding phonemes and allophones	p. 117
Linking levels: rules	p. 121
Choosing the underlying form	p. 123
Summary	p. 129
Further reading	p. 130
Exercises	p. 130
Phonological alternations, processes and rules	p. 133
Alternations vs. processes vs. rules	p. 133
Alternation types	p. 134
Formal rules and rule writing	p. 138
Overview of phonological operations and rules	p. 143
Summary	p. 145
Further reading	p. 146
Exercises	p. 146
Phonological structure	p. 148
The need for richer phonological representation	p. 149
Segment internal structure: feature geometry, underspecification and unary features	p. 152
Autosegmental phonology	p. 159
	p. 166
Conclusion	p. 174
Further reading	p. 174
Exercises	p. 174
Derivational analysis	p. 176
The aims of analysis	p. 176
A derivational analysis of English noun plural formatio	p. 178
Extrinsic vs. intrinsic rule ordering	p. 182
Evaluating competing analyses: evidence, economy and plausibility	p. 184
Conclusion	p. 194
Further reading	p. 194
Exercises	p. 195
Constraint-based analysis	p. 198
Introduction to optimality theory	p. 198
The aims of analysis	p. 202
Modelling phonological processes in OT	p. 203
English noun plural formation: an OT account	p. 208
Competing analyses	p. 212
Conclusion	p. 215
Further reading	p. 215
Exercises	p. 216
Constraining the model	p. 219
Constraining derivational phonology: abstractness	p. 220
Constraining the power of the phonological component	p. 223
Constraining the power of OT	p. 230
Conclusion	p. 23
Further reading	p. 238
Glossary	p. 239
References	p. 247
Subject index	p. 251
Varieties of English index	p. 256
Language index	p. 257
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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Introducing Phonetics and Phonology

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