An Introduction to Community Development

Comprehensive and practical, this textbook enables students to connect academic study and professional know-how, and demonstrates how to best plan the rebuilding, revitalization and development of communities utilizing a wide variety of economic and strategic tools.

Rhonda Phillips is Professor and Director of the School of Community Resources and Development, Arizona State University. Her research and practice speciality has focused on community well-being including work with community indicator systems and economic development planning. She is the Editor of Community Development: Journal of the Community Development Society. Robert H. Pittman is the Executive Director of the Community Development Institute and the Strategic Growth Institute at the University of Central Arkansas, where he also serves as a Professor in the College of Business. He has provided consulting services to community and economic development organizations and major corporations in the U.S. and around the world.

List of figures	p. xi
List of tables	p. xiii
List of boxes	p. xv
List of contributors	p. xvii
Acknowledgments	p. xxiii
Editors' introduction	p. xxv
Foundations	p. 1
A framework for community and economic development	p. 3
Introduction	p. 3
Community development	p. 5
Economic development	p. 7
The relationship between community and economic development	p. 10
Who practices community and economic development?	p. 15
Seven theories for seven community developers	p. 20
Introduction: why theory?	p. 20
Seven key concerns in the community development field	p. 21
Asset-based community development	p. 38
Introduction	p. 38
Definitions of community development	p. 38
Needs-based community development	p. 39
Asset-based community development	p. 39
Challenges of the community development process	p. 46
Social capital and community building	p. 49
Introduction	p. 49
Social capital: what is it?	p. 49
Community social capacity: what is it?	p. 50
How does community social capacity influence development?	p. 51
Intentional action to increase social capacity	p. 51
Factors that influence the success of community-building efforts	p. 52
Community development practice	p. 58
Introduction	p. 58
First step: define the community	p. 58
Practicing community development	p. 59
Community development principles of practice	p. 60
The community development process	p. 62
How does community development practice relate to economic development?	p. 66
What do community developers do?	p. 67
Professional standards of ethical practice	p. 69
Getting started	p. 70
Preparation and planning	p. 75
Community visioning and strategic planning	p. 77
Introduction	p. 77
Process principles	p. 77
Phase one: initiation	p. 79
Phase two: the stakeholder process	p. 89
Establishing community-based organizations	p. 104
Introduction	p. 104
Fundamentals of forming a community-based organization	p. 104
Partner and grant organizations for local community development	p. 106
Types of community-based organizations	p. 108
Networks	p. 110
Public-private partnerships	p. 111
Regional initiatives	p. 113
Foundations	p. 114
Faith-based community organizations	p. 115
Developing community leadership skills	p. 119
Introduction	p. 119
What does it mean to be a leader?	p. 120
Community leadership	p. 122
Identifying leaders	p. 124
Leadership in community and economic development	p. 128
Community development assessments	p. 133
Introduction	p. 133
Why conduct an assessment?	p. 133
Quantitative and qualitative data	p. 135
Community assessment topics	p. 139
SWOT analysis	p. 149
The assessment report	p. 150
Community asset mapping and surveys	p. 155
Introduction	p. 155
Asset mobilization	p. 156
Methods for mapping asserts	p. 156
When is a survey appropriate?	p. 157
Mapping capacities	p. 161
Assessing your local economy: industry composition and economic impact analysis	p. 166
Introduction	p. 166
Industry composition: learning about the local/regional economy	p. 167
An introduction to economic impact analysis	p. 172
Programming techniques and strategies	p. 181
Workforce training for the twenty-first century	p. 183
Introduction	p. 183
Primary and secondary education	p. 184
Postsecondary education	p. 184
Developing a demand-driven workforce development system	p. 187
Federal resources	p. 189
State and local resources	p. 190
Labor market intermediaries	p. 192
Marketing the community	p. 197
Introduction	p. 197
Marketing definitions	p. 197
Components of marketing	p. 198
The marketing plan	p. 205
The regional approach to marketing	p. 205
Retaining and expanding existing businesses in the community	p. 210
Introduction	p. 210
What does business retention and expansion encompass?	p. 212
Benefits and advantages of BRE	p. 214
BRE is a team effort	p. 216
How successful are BRE programs?	p. 216
Entrepreneurship as a community development strategy	p. 220
Introduction	p. 220
Who is an entrepreneur anyway?	p. 221
What are the needs of entrepreneurs?	p. 223
How can your community become "entrepreneur-friendly"?	p. 228
Minority entrepreneurship	p. 231
What is the next step for your community?	p. 232
Tourism-based development	p. 236
Introduction	p. 236
A review of tourism planning models	p. 237
Types of tourism planning models	p. 238
Getting from here to there: selecting approaches	p. 242
Housing and community planning	p. 249
Introduction	p. 249
The current state of housing	p. 249
Housing adequacy	p. 252
The role of government in housing	p. 253
The role of nonprofits in housing	p. 254
Housing affordability	p. 255
Housing assistance programs	p. 256
Housing needs assessment	p. 260
Neighborhood planning for community development and renewal	p. 266
Introduction	p. 266
Types of neighborhood plans	p. 271
The global movement toward participatory neighborhood planning	p. 276
Measuring progress: community indicators, best practices, and benchmarking	p. 284
Introduction	p. 284
Community indicators	p. 285
Best practices and benchmarking	p. 286
Issues impacting community development	p. 297
Community development finance	p. 299
Introduction	p. 299
Overview of basis community development finance vocabulary	p. 299
Doing a deal: who are the players in community development finance?	p. 300
Doing a deal: finding sources of money	p. 301
Securing grants for community development projects	p. 313
Introduction	p. 313
Tracking other federal funding	p. 313
Tracking foundation and corporate funding	p. 314
Hitting the target	p. 314
Preparing grant proposals	p. 315
Nonprofits, accountability, and sustainability	p. 319
The global economy and community development	p. 324
Introduction	p. 324
Why should people care about globalization?	p. 325
International trade	p. 325
Foreign direct investment	p. 327
The great global job shift and outsourcing	p. 328
International corporate activity	p. 330
Offshore manufacturing	p. 331
Community and economic development strategies in the global economy	p. 331
Sustainability in community development	p. 339
History of the sustainability concept	p. 339
Sustainability definitions and themes	p. 341
Action areas	p. 342
Process and participation	p. 348
Conclusions and observations on the future of community development	p. 352
Introduction	p. 352
Future challenges	p. 353
The ongoing evolution of community development	p. 354
Index	p. 355
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An Introduction to Community Development

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