Introduction to Criminology A Brief Edition

Introduction to Criminology: A Brief Edition provides students with coverage of core concepts supported by student-tested pedagogical tools that promote student engagement, thought-provoking classroom discussions, and critical-thinking skills.

John Randolph Fuller is Professor Emeritus of Criminology at the University of West Georgia, where he taught for more than thirty years. He is the author of several books, including Introduction to Criminal Justice: A Brief Edition (OUP, 2018).

PART I. THE SCOPE OF CRIME
CHAPTER 1. THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT CRIME
WHAT IS CRIMINOLOGY?
The Making of Laws
The Breaking of Laws
Society's Reaction to the Breaking of Laws
THE INTERDISCIPLINARY NATURE OF CRIMINOLOGY
Political Science
Economics
Psychology
Law
Biology
Sociology
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CRIMINOLOGY AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE
CRIMINOLOGICAL THEORIES
How to Study Theory
Social Learning Theory
Merton's Strain Theory
Conflict Theory
SUMMARY
FEATURES
POLICY IMPLICATIONS: Constructing a Response to Crime
DOUBLETAKE: Serial Murder and the Media
THEORY TO PRACTICE: Recidivism and Criminological Theory
FOCUS ON ETHICS: The Making of Law
CHAPTER 2. MEASURING CRIME
THE IMPORTANCE OF MEASURING CRIME
THE DARK FIGURE OF CRIME
GOVERNMENT STATISTICAL EFFORTS
The Uniform Crime Reports
Problems with the UCR
The National Incident-Based Reporting System
The National Crime Victimization Survey
Problems with the NCVS
The UCR and the NCVS: Divergence, Convergence, and the Future
SELF-REPORT STUDIES
Problems with Self-Report Studies
The National Youth Survey Family Study
Monitoring the Future
The National Survey on Drug Use and Health
PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER
SUMMARY
FEATURES
DOUBLETAKE: Bad Numbers
POLICY IMPLICATIONS: Why Measuring Crime Matters
FOCUS ON ETHICS: The Measure and Mismeasure of Crime
CHAPTER 3. VICTIMS OF CRIME
THE STUDY OF VICTIMOLOGY
THE EXTENT OF VICTIMIZATION
Micro-Victimization
Murder Victims
Rape Victims
--History and Prejudice in Rape Victimization
--Child Rape and Sexual Abuse
Robbery and Assault Victims
--Assault Victims
--Victims of Intimate-Partner Violence
Property Offense Victims
Victim Precipitation
Macro-Victimization
Terrorism Victimization
--Victimization in the United States
--Victimization in Other Countries
Corporate and Environmental Victimization
--The BP-Deepwater Horizon Disaster
--The Volkswagen Conspiracy
Victims of Crimes Against Humanity
--Nazi War Atrocities
--ISIL
Transnational Victimization
THE PROBLEMS OF VICTIMIZATION
Physical Trauma
Psychological Trauma and Fear of Crime
Family Trauma
Economic Trauma
Legal Trauma
Special Victims: Children, the Elderly, and the Disabled
--Children
--The Elderly
--The Disabled
GETTING HELP FOR VICTIMS
Victims' Rights
Offender Punishment, Restorative Justice, and Victim-Impact Statements
Offender Punishment
Restorative Justice
Victim-Impact Statements
SUMMARY
FEATURES
POLICY IMPLICATIONS: Putting Victims First
DOUBLETAKE: A Victim with a Twist
THEORY TO PRACTICE: Who Owns a Crime?
FOCUS ON ETHICS: Protecting the Victim
PART II. THEORIES OF CRIME
CHAPTER 4. THE CLASSICAL AND POSITIVIST SCHOOLS OF CRIMINOLOGY
LOOKING FOR EXPLANATIONS OF CRIME
Supernatural Explanations of Crime
Demonology
Evil and Immorality
THE CLASSICAL SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY
The Enlightenment
The Social Contract
Cesare Beccaria
Jeremy Bentham
THE POSITIVIST SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY
NEOCLASSICAL CRIMINOLOGY
Deterrence Theory Reconsidered
Rational Choice Theory
Routine Activities Theory
SUMMARY
FEATURES
POLICY IMPLICATIONS: Let the Penalty Fit the Crime
THEORY TO PRACTICE: Criminological Perspectives in Film
FOCUS ON ETHICS: Guns in School
CHAPTER 5. BIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES
EARLY BIOLOGICAL APPROACHES
Physiognomy and Phrenology
Body Types
Earnest Hooton and the Criminals Study
William Sheldon and Somatotypes
The Gluecks and Juvenile Delinquency
Early Biocriminology
Perspectives on Heredity, Human Evolution, and Crime
Eugenics
MODERN BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES
Genetic and Evolutionary Perspectives
XYY Syndrome
Genes and Behavior
Twin and Adoption Studies
Evolution, Aggression, and Survival
Neurological Perspectives
Neurotransmitters
Hormones
The Brain
Environmental Perspectives: Alcohol and Drugs
Alcohol
Drugs
Critiques
PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PSYCHIATRIC PERSPECTIVES
Traditional Psychoanalytic Theory
Modern Psychological and Psychiatric Perspectives
Behaviorism
Cognitive Theory
Language Impairment and IQ
Antisocial Personality Disorder, Psychopathy, and Insanity
SUMMARY
FEATURES
POLICY IMPLICATIONS: Establishing Links Between the Brain and Crime
DOUBLETAKE: The Undesirables
THEORY TO PRACTICE: Low Blood Sugar, Bad Judgment, or Both?
FOCUS ON ETHICS: Jury Duty
CHAPTER 6. SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME AND DELINQUENCY
ABOUT SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME
SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION THEORIES OF CRIME
Social Disorganization Theory
Concentric Zones
Collective Efficacy and Crime
LEARNING THEORIES OF CRIME
Differential Association Theory
Techniques of Neutralization
Miller's Focal Concerns of the Lower Class
Subculture of Violence
Code of the Street
STRAIN THEORIES OF CRIME
Anomie
Classical Strain Theory
Strain and Subculture
Delinquency and Opportunity
Institutional Anomie
General Strain Theory
CONTROL THEORIES OF CRIME
Containment Theory
Social Bond Theory
General Theory of Crime
Power-Control Theory
SUMMARY
FEATURES
POLICY IMPLICATIONS: Sociological Theories
THEORY TO PRACTICE: Strengthening Social Bonds as Prevention and Treatment for Deviant Behavior
FOCUS ON ETHICS: Pressure from Your Sisters
CHAPTER 7. LIFE-COURSE AND INTEGRATED THEORIES
LIFE-COURSE THEORIES
Developmental Perspective on Antisocial Behavior
Pathways to Crime
Life-Course-Persistent Offenders
Adolescence-Limited Delinquents
Persistent Offending and Desistance from Crime
INTEGRATED THEORIES
Interactional Theory of Delinquency
Control Balance Theory
Social Support Theory
General Theory of Crime and Delinquency
Integrated Cognitive Antisocial Potential Theory
SUMMARY
FEATURES
THEORY TO PRACTICE: The Oregon Social Learning Center
DOUBLETAKE: The Politics of Theory
POLICY IMPLICATIONS: Crime Is Complicated
FOCUS ON ETHICS: Preventing a life of Crime
CHAPTER 8. CONFLICT AND CRITICAL THEORIES OF CRIME
UNDERSTANDING CONFLICT THEORY AND CRITICAL THEORY
Labeling Theory
Social Location
CONFLICT THEORY
Marx and Communism
Other Conflict Thinkers
Max Weber
Ralf Dahrendorf
Austin Turk
Critiques
CRITICAL THEORY
Feminist Criminology
Peacemaking Criminology
Cultural Criminology
Postmodern Criminology
Critical Race Theory
SUMMARY
FEATURES
POLICY IMPLICATIONS: Shifting the Focus
DOUBLETAKE: Missing: White Woman
THEORY TO PRACTICE: Peacemaking and Uncommon Sense
FOCUS ON ETHICS: An Officer in Field Training
PART III. TYPOLOGIES OF CRIME
CHAPTER 9. PROPERTY OFFENSES
THE VALUE OF PROPERTY
BURGLARY
LARCENY AND FRAUD
Pocket-Picking
Employee Theft
Shoplifting
Fraud
Credit Card Fraud
Check Fraud
MOTOR VEHICLE THEFT
ARSON
SUMMARY
FEATURES
POLICY IMPLICATIONS: Bicycles: The New Crime Currency
DOUBLETAKE: When Is Shoplifting Not Shoplifting?
FOCUS ON ETHICS: The Trouble with Amy
CHAPTER 10. CRIMINAL OFFENSES AGAINST PEOPLE
SOURCES OF VIOLENT CRIME
Biological and Psychological Sources
Mental Disorder
Substance Abuse
Evolutionary Factors
Social and Cultural Sources of Violent Crime
Family Dysfunction
Social Disorganization
Subcultural Values
VIOLENT CRIME
Murder
Murder and the Law
Offender Characteristics
Serial and Mass Murder
Rape
Rape and the Law
Offender Characteristics
Causes of Rape
Rape within Organizations
Robbery
Robbery and the Law
Types of Robbery
Assault
Assault and the Law
Types of Assault
SUMMARY
FEATURES
FOCUS ON ETHICS: Creepy or Dangerous?
POLICY IMPLICATIONS: Changing the Law on Rape
DOUBLETAKE: The "Bloody Benders"
THEORY TO PRACTICE: Skeletons in the Closet
CHAPTER 11. ORGANIZED AND WHITE-COLLAR CRIME
ORGANIZED CRIME
The Beginning of Organized Crime in the United States
The Rise of the Underworld
The American Mafia
Ethnically Based Organized Crime in the United States
Gangs
Theories of Organized Crime
Organized Crime Offenses
Illegal Drug Trafficking
Prostitution and Human Trafficking
Gambling
Stolen Property
The Globalization of Organized Crime
WHITE-COLLAR CRIME
Theories of White-Collar Crime
White-Collar Offenses by Employees
CORPORATE CRIME
Offenses Against Consumers
Offenses Against the Environment
SUMMARY
FEATURES
POLICY IMPLICATIONS: Unorganized Crime: The Case of MS-13
DOUBLETAKE: Creating the Mafia
FOCUS ON ETHICS: Insider Trading
CHAPTER 12. PUBLIC-ORDER OFFENSES AND VALUES
PUBLIC-ORDER OFFENSES AND VALUES
General and Indirect Victims
Morality and Crime
Morality and Social Harm
SUBSTANCE ABUSE AND THE LAW
A Brief Legal History of Alcohol and Drugs in the United States
Opium and the Chinese
Morphine
Patent Medicines
1906 Pure Food and Drugs Act
Harrison Act of 1914
Marijuana Tax Act
Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970
Omnibus Drug Act
Substance Abuse Today
Legalization and Decriminalization
SEX OFFENSES
Prostitution
Male Prostitution
Female Prostitution
Legalized Prostitution
Child Prostitution
Pornography
Sodomy
GAMBLING
A Brief History of Gambling
Legal Gambling
Illegal Gambling
SUMMARY
FEATURES
POLICY IMPLICATIONS: Dog Fighting and Crime
THEORY TO PRACTICE: Harm Reduction as a Drug Strategy
FOCUS ON ETHICS: Your Little Brother Discovers Sex
PART IV. RESPONDING TO CRIME
CHAPTER 13. TERRORISM AND HATE CRIME
CRIMES OF FEAR AND HATE
HATE CRIME
Hate Crime and the Law
Hate Crime and Criminological Theory
TERRORISM
A Short History of Terrorism
Terrorism and Criminological Theory
Domestic Terrorism
International Terrorism
Controlling Terrorism
SUMMARY
FEATURES
POLICY IMPLICATIONS: Constructing a Response to Crime
THEORY TO PRACTICE: The Southern Poverty Law Center
FOCUS ON ETHICS: Political Correctness Or Political Suicide: You Choose
CHAPTER 14. CRIMINOLOGY, TECHNOLOGY, AND PRIVACY
CRIMINOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY
A Short History of Technology and Crime
The Beginnings of the Internet
The Internet and Crime
The Whistler, Cap'n Crunch, and the Evolution of Computer Network Crime
TYPES OF COMPUTER NETWORK CRIME
The Computer Crime Toolbox
The Dark Web
Social Engineering
Spam
Denial-of-Service Attacks
Viruses, Worms, and other Malware
The Most Serious Offenses
Copyright Infringement
Child Pornography
Identity Theft
E-mail Scams
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
Technology for Surveillance and Short-Term Tracking
Cameras
Electronic Monitoring
RFID Tags
Technology for Identification and Long-Term Tracking
Databases
Biometrics
PRIVACY, SECURITY, AND THE FUTURE
SUMMARY
FEATURES
POLICY IMPLICATIONS: What Information Should You Share?
DOUBLETAKE: Phun with Fonics
THEORY TO PRACTICE: Because That's Where the Money Is
FOCUS ON ETHICS: Peeping Drones