Introduction to Environmental Remote Sensing

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ISBN: 9780748740062 | 0748740066
Cover: Nonspecific Binding
Copyright: 3/18/2004

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-- Starts from first principles, and progresses to present and future uses, assuming no prior knowledge of remote sensing technology, making it accessible to students at all levels.-- Non-mathematical approach makes it an ideal text for those studying courses without a component of mathematics or physics.-- Supported throughout by international examples showing how remote sensing is used in practice.

Preface

The authors

xiii

Abbreviations and acronyms

PART ONE REMOTE SENSING PRINCIPLES

Monitoring the environment

(16)

Growth in awareness of environmental problems

(2)

In situ sensing of the environment

(1)

Remote sensing of the environment

(3)

Economic and practical benefits of remote sensing, past, present and future

(4)

New scientific preoccupations in remote sensing

(1)

The growth of remote sensing in geography and the environmental sciences

(2)

Remote sensing in the near-term future

(3)

Physical bases of remote sensing

(18)

Natural remote sensing

(1)

Technologically assisted remote sensing

(2)

Electromagnetic energy

(4)

Radiation at source

(2)

Radiation in propagation

(2)

Radiation at its target

(3)

Radiation observed

(1)

General conclusions

(3)

Radiation characteristics of natural phenomena

(20)

Radiation from the Sun

(8)

Radiation from the Earth

(5)

Spectral signatures of the Earth's surface

(7)

Sensors for environmental monitoring

(26)

Introduction

(1)

Passive sensors in the visible wavelengths

(7)

Passive sensors outside the visible wavelengths

(11)

Active sensors outside the visible wavelengths

(8)

Sensor platforms, sensor packages and satellite data distribution

(34)

Introduction

(1)

Ground observation platforms

(1)

Airborne observation platforms

(3)

High-altitude sounding rockets

(2)

Satellite platforms

(3)

The evolution of Earth resources satellites

(6)

The Space Shuttle

(3)

The SPOT satellite system

102

(2)

The environmental satellites

104

(2)

Geostationary meteorlogical satellites

106

(1)

Special-purpose sensors and satellites

107

(1)

New generation satellites

108

(3)

The ground segment and satellite data distribution

111

(6)

Calibration, evaluation and validation in remote sensing

117

(18)

Introduction

117

(1)

Selection of ground data sites

118

(3)

Collateral data for crop studies

121

(2)

Field measurements of spectral reflectance

123

(3)

Fully integrated local area studies

126

(3)

Data sampling and tests for accuracy

129

(2)

Data collection systems for transmissions to satellites

131

(4)

Remote sensing data interchangeability, preprocessing and processing

135

(16)

Introduction

135

(1)

The interchangeability of basic remote sensing data types

135

(4)

Stages in the handling and use of remote sensing data

139

(1)

Preprocessing and processing examples

140

(11)

Analysis and interpretation of aerial photography

151

(14)

Introduction

151

(1)

Methods of photo-interpretation

151

(4)

Measurement and plotting techniques: selected aspects of photogrammetry

155

(10)

Digital data handling

165

(28)

The need for numerical data manipulation

165

(3)

The quality and quantity of remote sensing data

168

(8)

The analysis and interpretation of selected features

176

(3)

Automatic decision/classification techniques

179

(1)

End products of numerical processing

180

(4)

Systems for digital data analysis and interpretation

184

(2)

Remote sensing and GIS

186

(7)

PART TWO REMOTE SENSING APPLICATIONS

Weather analysis and forecasting

193

(28)

Remote sensing of the atmosphere

193

(9)

Representative weather satellites

202

(4)

Satellite data applications in applied meterology

206

(15)

Global climatology

221

(24)

Climatology emerges from the shadows

221

(1)

Global climate monitoring: the nature of the problem

221

(2)

The Earth/atmosphere energy and radiation budgets

223

(5)

Global atmospheric moisture distributions

228

(11)

Wind flows and air circulations

239

(1)

The climatology of synoptic weather systems

239

(3)

The climatology of the middle and upper atmosphere

242

(3)

Water in the environment

245

(34)

The importance of water

245

(1)

Hydrometerology

245

(11)

Surface hydrology

256

(7)

Hydrogeology

263

(2)

Oceanography

265

(14)

Soils and landforms

279

(24)

The nature of soils

279

(1)

Conventional mapping of soils

280

(1)

Soil parameters detected by remote sensing

280

(2)

Remote sensing of soils and landforms by photographic systems

282

(7)

Remote sensing of soils and landforms by non-photographic systems

289

(14)

Rocks and mineral resources

303

(20)

The use of air photo-interpretation in geology

303

(6)

The use of non-photographic airborne sensors in geology

309

(3)

Space observations for the study of rocks and mineral resources

312

(11)

Ecology, conservation and resource management

323

(24)

Introduction

323

(3)

Reflectance from vegetated surfaces

326

(2)

Phenological studies

328

(3)

Conservation in National Parks

331

(4)

Resource management: the example of forestry

335

(6)

Disease and fire hazards

341

(3)

Wildlife studies

344

(2)

Marine conservation

346

(1)

Land use and crop production

347

(24)

Introduction

347

(3)

Aerial photographic surveys

350

(2)

Multispectral sensing of crops

352

(10)

Radar sensing of crops

362

(2)

Crop yield modelling using infrared sensing

364

(3)

Land use in the past

367

(4)

The built environment

371

(22)

General considerations

371

(1)

Rural structures

371

(4)

Urban areas

375

(3)

Industrial complexes

378

(2)

Demography and social change

380

(6)

Remote sensing for civil engineering

386

(7)

Hazards and disasters

393

(22)

Definitions

393

(1)

Disaster assessment

394

(3)

Hazard monitoring

397

(1)

Severe convective storms

398

(4)

Hurricanes

402

(5)

Insect infestations

407

(4)

Future developments

411

(4)

Problems and prospects

415

(18)

Satellite remote sensing as a global pursuit

415

(2)

Remote sensing as a public service or a commercial activity

417

(1)

Handling large data sets

418

(1)

Archiving and distribution problems

419

(1)

Relations between technologist and user

419

(3)

Future developments

422

(11)

Appendix: Internet sources of further information

433

(2)

Selected bibliography

435

(12)

Index

447

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Introduction to Environmental Remote Sensing

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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