Introduction to Factor Analysis : What It Is

Designed for potential users of factor analysis who are willing to "let the computer do the work," but are interested in gaining a firm grasp of the conceptual foundations of the technique. It does not presume advanced mathematical or statistical skills on the reader's part.

Editor's Introduction

5

(2)

Introduction

7

(5)

Basic Orientation

7

(2)

What Is Factor Analysis?

9

(1)

Doing Factor Analysis

10

(1)

General Outline of Presentation

11

(1)

Logical Foundations of Factor Analysis

12

(34)

Fundamental Concepts of Factor Analysis

12

(11)

Factors and Variables

12

(3)

Variance, Covariance, and Correlation

15

(2)

Linear Combinations and Derivations of Variance and Covariance

17

(4)

Recapitulation: Factor Loadings, Correlations, and Causal Diagrams

21

(2)

Correspondence Between Factor Models and Covariance Structures

23

(20)

Derivation of Covariance Structure from the Factor Structure

23

(1)

One--common factor with many variables

23

(2)

Two--common factors: The orthogonal case

25

(3)

Two--common factors: The oblique case

28

(4)

Number of Common Factors and the Rank of the Adjusted Correlation Matrix

32

(6)

Uncertainties Inherent to Deriving Factors from Covariance Structures

38

(1)

One covariance structure: Different factor loadings

38

(1)

One covariance structure: Varying number of Factor

39

(2)

Competing casual structures

41

(2)

Fundamental Postulates of Factor Analysis: Recapitulation

43

(3)

Obtaining Factor Analysis Solutions

46

(24)

Major Steps in Actual Factor Analysis

16

(35)

Data Collection and Preparation of the Covariance Marix

47

(1)

Extracting Initial Factors

48

(1)

Rotation to a Terminal Solution

49

(1)

Construction of Factor Scales and Their Use in Further Analysis

50

(1)

Illustration of Actual Analysis, as Applied to Known Error---Free Data

51

(9)

Obtaining Basic Factor Analysis Solutions Through the Use of Computer Packages

60

(4)

Illustration with SPSS

60

(2)

Additional Illustrations with SPSS, BMD, OSIRIS, and SAS

62

(2)

Complications in Analyzing Real Data

64

(6)

Sampling Variability

64

(2)

Selection Bias

66

(3)

Measurement Errors

69

(1)

Minor Factors

70

(1)

Note

70

(1)

Questions Pertaining to Books, Journals, and Computer Programs

71

(1)

References

71

(4)

Glossary

75

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Introduction to Factor Analysis : What It Is and How to Do It

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