Introduction to FACTS Controllers Theory, Modeling, and Applications
, by Sen, Kalyan K.; Sen, Mey Ling- ISBN: 9780470478752 | 0470478756
- Cover: Hardcover
- Copyright: 9/28/2009
Foreword | p. xiii |
Preface | p. xv |
Acknowledgments | p. xvii |
Nomenclature | p. xix |
Applications of Facts Controllers | p. 1 |
Power Flow Control Concepts | p. 13 |
Theory | p. 13 |
Series-Connected Compensating Voltage | p. 19 |
Power at the Sending End | p. 20 |
Power at the Receiving End | p. 24 |
Power at the Modified Sending End | p. 29 |
Exchanged Power by the Series-Connected Compensating Voltage | p. 35 |
Shunt-Connected Compensating Voltage | p. 43 |
Power at the Modified Sending End | p. 43 |
Power at the Receiving End | p. 45 |
Comparison between Series-Connected and Shunt-Connected Compensating Voltages | p. 46 |
Implementation of Power Flow Control Concepts | p. 48 |
Voltage Regulation | p. 48 |
Direct Method | p. 48 |
Indirect Method | p. 50 |
Phase Angle Regulation | p. 54 |
Series Reactance Regulation | p. 56 |
Direct Method | p. 56 |
Indirect Method | p. 56 |
Independent Control of Active and Reactive Power Flows | p. 58 |
Unified Power Flow Controller | p. 60 |
Sen Transformer | p. 62 |
Interline Power Flow Concept | p. 65 |
Back-To-Back SSSC | p. 66 |
Multiline Sen Transformer | p. 68 |
Back-to-Back Statcom | p. 74 |
Generalized Power Flow Controller | p. 76 |
Modeling Principles | p. 79 |
The Modeling in EMTP | p. 79 |
Network Model | p. 81 |
Vector Phase-Locked Loop (VPLL) | p. 87 |
Transmission Line Steady-State Resistance Calculator | p. 88 |
Simulation of an Independent PFC in a Single Line Application | p. 89 |
Transformer-Based Facts Controllers | p. 95 |
Voltage Regulating Transformer (VRT) | p. 95 |
Autotransformer | p. 97 |
Two-Winding Transformer | p. 101 |
Phase Angle Regulator (PAR) | p. 102 |
Mechanically Switched Facts Controllers | p. 107 |
Shunt Compensation | p. 107 |
Mechanically Switched Capacitor (MSC) | p. 107 |
Mechanically Switched Recator (MSR) | p. 110 |
Series Compensation | p. 113 |
Mechanically Switched Recator (MSR) | p. 113 |
Mechanically Switched Capacitor (MSC) with a Reactor | p. 115 |
Voltage-Sourced Converter (VSC) | p. 117 |
Modeling an Ideal VSC | p. 118 |
Dc-to-Ac VSC | p. 119 |
Generation of a Square Wave Voltage with a Two-Level Pole | p. 119 |
Modeling a Single-Phase VSC and Simulation Results | p. 122 |
Six+Pulse VSC with Two-Level Poles | p. 123 |
Modeling a Six-Phase VSC with Two-Level Poles | p. 134 |
12-Pulse HN-VSC with Two-Level Poles | p. 135 |
Graphical Presentation of the Cancellation Technique of the Fifth and the Seventh Harmonic Components | p. 146 |
Modeling a 12-Pulse HN-VSC with Two-Level Poles | p. 149 |
24-Pulse HN-VSC with Two-Level Poles | p. 150 |
Modeling a 24-Pulse HN-VSC with Two-Level Poles | p. 160 |
24-Pulse QHN-VSC with Two-Level Poles | p. 162 |
Modeling of a 48-Pulse QHN-VSC with Two-Level Poles | p. 169 |
48-Pulse QHN-VSC with Two-Level Poles | p. 170 |
Modeling of a 48-Pulse QHN-VSC with Three-Level Poles | p. 180 |
Generation of a Quasisquare Wave Voltage with a Three-Level Pole | p. 182 |
Six-Pulse HN-VSC with Three-Level Poles | p. 185 |
12-Pulse HN-VSC with Three-Level Poles | p. 194 |
Modeling a 12-Pulse HN-VSC with Three-Level Poles | p. 196 |
24-Pulse QHN-VSC with Three-Level Poles | p. 196 |
Modeling a 24-Pulse QHN-VSC with Three-Level Poles | p. 199 |
Alternate Configuration for a QHN-VSC | p. 200 |
Interphase Transformer (IPT) | p. 201 |
24-Pulse QHN-VSC with Ipts | p. 202 |
Modeling 24-Pulse QHN-VSC with Two-Level Poles and Ipts | p. 205 |
Realizable Pole Circuits | p. 205 |
Considerations for a HN-VSC | p. 207 |
Dc-to-Ac VSC Operated with PWM Technique | p. 209 |
Discussion | p. 211 |
Two-Level Pole Design | p. 213 |
A Three-Phase, Six-Pulse VSC with Two-Level Poles | p. 214 |
Analysis of a Pole | p. 217 |
Device Characteristics | p. 218 |
Mathematical Model | p. 220 |
Analysis of the Model | p. 222 |
Mode 1 of operation | p. 223 |
Mode 2 of operation | p. 230 |
Results | p. 242 |
VSC-Based Facts Controllers | p. 245 |
Shunt Compension | p. 251 |
Shunt Reactive Current Injection | p. 251 |
Shunt-Connected Compensating Voltage Soure Behind an Impedance | p. 252 |
Shunt-Connected Compensating Voltage Behind a Coupling Transformer | p. 254 |
Static Synchronous Compensator (Statcom) | p. 254 |
Control of Statcom | p. 255 |
Modeling of Statcom in EMTP and Simulation Results | p. 258 |
Series Compensation | p. 261 |
Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) | p. 271 |
Control of SSSC | p. 271 |
Modeling of SSSC in EMTP and Simulation Results | p. 273 |
Stable Reversal of Power Flow | p. 276 |
Reactance Control Method | p. 277 |
Voltage Control Method | p. 283 |
Shunt-Series Compensation Using a Unified Power Flow | p. 290 |
Control of UPFC | p. 293 |
Modeling of UPFC in EMTP and Simulation Results | p. 294 |
Test Results | p. 296 |
Protection of UPFC | p. 302 |
Sen Transformer | p. 307 |
Existing Solutions | p. 309 |
Voltage Regulation | p. 309 |
Phase Angle Regulation | p. 311 |
Desired Solution | p. 312 |
ST as a New Voltage Regulator | p. 316 |
ST as an Independent PFC | p. 319 |
Control of ST | p. 321 |
Impedance Emulation | p. 323 |
Resistance Emulation | p. 324 |
Reactance Emulation | p. 324 |
Closed Loop Power Flow Control | p. 325 |
Open Loop Power Flow Control | p. 325 |
Simulation Results | p. 327 |
Limited Angle Operation of ST | p. 329 |
ST Using LTCS with Lower Current Rating | p. 336 |
ST Using LTCS with Lower Voltage and Current Rating | p. 343 |
Comparison Among the VRT, PAR, UPFC, and ST | p. 344 |
Power Flow Enhancement | p. 344 |
Speed of Operation | p. 346 |
Losses | p. 348 |
Switch Rating | p. 348 |
Magnetic Circuit Design | p. 348 |
Optimization of Transformer Rating | p. 349 |
Hamonic Injection into the Power System Network | p. 351 |
Operation During Line Faults | p. 351 |
Multiline Sen Transformer | p. 352 |
Basic Differences between the MST and BTB-SSSC | p. 356 |
Flexible Operation of the ST | p. 347 |
ST with Shunt-Connected Compensating Voltages | p. 358 |
Limited Angle Operation of the ST with Shunt-Connected | p. 362 |
MST with Shunt-Connected Compensating Voltages | p. 369 |
Generalized Sen Transformer | p. 371 |
Summary | p. 372 |
Appendix A. Miscellaneous | p. 373 |
Three-Phase Blanced Voltage, Current, and Powe | p. 373 |
Symmetrical Components | p. 377 |
Separation of Positive, Negative, and Zero Sequence Components in a Multiple Frequency Composite Variable | p. 383 |
Three-Phase Unbalanced Voltage, Current, and Power | p. 387 |
d-q Transformation | p. 392 |
Conversion of a Variable Containing Positive, Negative, and Zero Sequence Components into d-q Frame | p. 396 |
Calculation of Instantaneous Power into d-q Frame | p. 399 |
Calculation of Instantaneous Power into d-q Frame for a 3-Phase, 3-wire System | p. 400 |
Fourier Analysis | p. 405 |
Adams-Bashforth Numerical Integration Formula | p. 410 |
Appendix B. Power Flow Control Equations in a Lossy | p. 413 |
Power Flow Equations at the Sending End of an Uncompensated Transmission Line | p. 415 |
Power Flow Equations at the Receiving End of an Uncompensated Transmission Line | p. 418 |
Verification of Power Flow Equations at the Sending and Receiving Ends of an Uncompensated Transmission Line | p. 421 |
Natural Power Flow Equations in an Uncompensated Transmission Line | p. 422 |
Most Important Power Flow Control Parameters | p. 427 |
Modifying Transmission Line Voltage with a Shunt-Connected Compensating Voltage | p. 431 |
Modifying Transmission Line Voltage with a Series-Connected Compensating Voltage | p. 431 |
Power Flow at the Sending End | p. 435 |
Power Flow at the Receiving End | p. 438 |
Power Flow at the Modified Sending End | p. 441 |
Exchanged Power by the Compensating Voltage | p. 445 |
Appendix C. EMTP Files | p. 451 |
Bibliography | p. 505 |
Books | p. 505 |
General | p. 505 |
Statcom | p. 510 |
SSSC | p. 512 |
UPFC | p. 513 |
IPFC | p. 516 |
Index | p. 517 |
About the Authors | |
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