An Introduction to Human Communication: Understanding and Sharing

, by Pearson, Judy C.

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ISBN: 9780072336948 | 0072336943
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 7/1/1999

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part 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF COMMUNICATION STUDIES

(94)

The Nature of Communication

(22)

Why Study Communication?

(1)

What is Communication?

(2)

Communication: The Process of Understanding and Sharing Meaning

(1)

How Does Communication Work?

(3)

Communication Begins with the Self

(1)

Communication Involves Others

(1)

What are the Components of Communication

(3)

People

(1)

The Message

(1)

The Channel

(1)

Feedback

(1)

Code

(1)

Encoding and Decoding

(1)

Noise

(1)

How Does Communication Occur?

(3)

The Action Model

(1)

The Interaction Model

(1)

The Transaction Model

(1)

The Constructivist Model

(1)

What are Communication Contexts?

(9)

Intrapersonal Communication

(1)

Interpersonal Communication

(2)

Public Communication

(1)

Mass Communication

(1)

Summary

(2)

Issues in Communication: A Business Success?

(1)

Additional Resources

(1)

References

(2)

Perception, Self-Awareness, and Self-Concept

(26)

What is Perception?

(2)

Why Do Differences in Perception Occur?

(4)

Physiological Factors

(1)

Past Experiences and Roles

(1)

Culture and Co-culture

(1)

Present Feelings and Circumstances

(2)

What Occurs in Perception?

(7)

Selection

(1)

Organization

(4)

Interpretation

(2)

What is Self-Awareness?

(2)

What is Self-Concept?

(10)

Self-Image

(1)

Self-Esteem

(1)

Gender Differences

(1)

Improving Self-Concept

(2)

Summary

(1)

Issues in Communication: The Importance of Self-Concept

(1)

Additional Resources

(1)

References

(3)

Verbal Communication

(22)

What is Language?

(5)

Language Has Rules

(1)

Language Is Arbitrary

(1)

Language Is Representational and Presentational

(1)

Language Is Abstract

(1)

Language Organizes and Classifies Reality

(1)

Language Shapes Perceptions

(1)

How Can Language be an Obstacle to Communication?

(5)

Unconventional Language

(4)

How Can Language Skills be Improved?

(11)

Avoid Intentional Confusion

(1)

Use Descriptiveness

(1)

Be Concrete

(2)

Differentiate between Observations and Inferences

(1)

Summary

(1)

Issues in Communication: Huck Finn's Language

(1)

Additional Resources

(1)

References

(3)

Nonverbal Communication

(22)

Why are Nonverbal Codes Difficult to Interpret?

(1)

One Code Communicates a Variety of Meanings

(1)

A Variety of Codes Communicate the Same Meaning

(1)

Interpretations of Intentionality Vary

(1)

What are Nonverbal Codes?

(13)

Bodily Movement and Facial Expression

(3)

Space

(3)

Touching

(2)

Vocal Cues

(2)

Clothing and Other Artifacts

(2)

What are Some Ways to Improve Nonverbal Communication?

(7)

Summary

(1)

Issues in Communication: A Chinese Good-Bye

(1)

Additional Resources

(1)

References

(4)

part 2 RECEIVING COMMUNICATION: EMPATHIC AND CRITICAL LISTENING

(50)

Listening and Critical Thinking

(32)

What is Listening?

(2)

How Much do People Listen?

100

(1)

How Well do People Listen?

101

(1)

What Interferes With the Ability to Listen?

101

(5)

Noise

101

(2)

Perceptions of Others

103

(1)

Yourself

104

(2)

Three Kinds of Listening:Active, Empathic, and Critical

106

(4)

Active Listening

107

(1)

Empathic Listening

108

(1)

Critical Listening

109

(1)

Critical Thinking and Listening

110

(1)

Why is Critical Thinking Important?

110

(1)

What is Involved in Critical Thinking and Listening?

110

(2)

Identify the Source

110

(1)

Analyze the Message

111

(1)

What Abilities are Related to Critical Thinking?

112

(7)

Distinguish between Observations and Inferences

112

(1)

Categorize Emotional, Logical, and Personal Evidence

113

(1)

Types of Arguments

113

(2)

Identify Types of Fallacies

115

(4)

What Skills are Associated With Effective Listening?

119

(10)

Verbal Skills

119

(3)

Nonverbal Skills

122

(2)

Issues in Communication: Are You Listening?

124

(1)

Summary

125

(1)

Additional Resources

125

(1)

References

126

(3)

Mass Communication and Media Literacy

129

(16)

Why Should You Study Mass Communication?

130

(1)

What is Mass Communication?

130

(2)

What are the Effects of the Mass Media?

132

(5)

Shape Culture

132

(2)

Shape Attitudes

134

(1)

Influence Behavior

135

(1)

Perpetuate Stereotypes

136

(1)

What are the Mass Media?

137

(4)

Newspapers

137

(2)

Television

139

(1)

News Magazines

139

(1)

The Internet

140

(1)

Professional Journals

140

(1)

How can you be a Critical Consumer of Mass Media?

141

(4)

Issues in Communication: Cultural Democracy

143

(1)

Summary

143

(1)

Additional Resources

144

(1)

References

144

(1)

part 3 COMMUNICATION CONTEXTS: COUPLES, TEAMS, AND CULTURES

145

(120)

Interpersonal and Family Communication

147

(40)

The Nature of Interpersonal Relationships

148

(10)

The Definition of Interpersonal Relationships

148

(1)

The Importance of Interpersonal Relationships

149

(5)

The Stages in Interpersonal Relationships

154

(4)

Self-Disclosure

158

(7)

What Is Self-Disclosure?

158

(1)

Why Is Self-Disclosure Important?

159

(1)

Concerns about Self-Disclosure

159

(1)

Gender Differences

160

(2)

Unwillingness to Self-Disclose

162

(3)

Interpersonal Communication with Friends

165

(2)

Improving Communication in Interpersonal Relationships

167

(3)

The Possibilities for Improvement

168

(1)

Behavioral Flexibility

168

(2)

Interpersonal Communication in the Family

170

(17)

What Is the Definition of Family?

171

(2)

What Are the Different Types of Families?

173

(3)

What Are the Factors That Contribute to Family Satisfaction?

176

(3)

Summary

179

(2)

Issues in Communication: The Case of Paul Erdo

181

(1)

Additional Resources

181

(1)

References

182

(5)

Intercultural Communication

187

(16)

Why is the Study of Intercultural Communication Important?

188

(1)

What are Cultures and Co-Cultures?

189

(2)

Co-languages

189

(2)

What are Some Potential Intercultural Communication Problems?

191

(1)

Ethnocentrism

191

(1)

Stereotyping

192

(1)

What are Some Characteristics of Different Cultures?

192

(5)

Individualistic versus Collectivist Cultures

193

(1)

Uncertainty-Accepting versus Uncertainty-Rejecting Cultures

194

(1)

Implicit-Rule versus Explicit-Rule Cultures

195

(2)

What are Some Strategies for Improving Intercultural Communication?

197

(6)

Summary

199

(1)

Issues in Communication: Korea Hosts WCA Officers

200

(1)

Additional Resources

201

(1)

References

201

(2)

The Dynamics of Small-Group Discussion

203

(32)

Why you Should Learn About Small Groups

204

(3)

What is Small-Group Communication?

207

(1)

The Role of Communication in the Small Group

207

(3)

How Should you Communicate in Groups?

210

(1)

The Types of Small Groups

211

(3)

Gender, Ethnicity, and Culture in Small Groups

214

(21)

The Development of Group Norms

216

(2)

The Development of Role Structure

218

(4)

The Networks of Communication

222

(1)

Group Fantasy

223

(2)

Group Climate

225

(3)

Being an Ethical Group Member

228

(1)

Summary

228

(2)

Issues in Communication: Teamwork at PRI, Inc.

230

(1)

Additional Resources

230

(1)

References

231

(4)

Group Leadership, Conflict, and Problem Solving

235

(30)

What is Leadership?

236

(1)

The Sources of Influence (Power)

237

(1)

The Theoretical Approaches to Leadership

238

(6)

Trait Approaches

238

(2)

Style Approaches

240

(1)

Contingency Approaches

240

(2)

The Communicative Competencies Approach

242

(2)

The Distributed-Leadership Approach

244

(1)

Problem Solving

244

(21)

Problem Solving and Decision Making

245

(1)

Effective Group Problem Solving

246

(8)

The Leader's Role in Problem Solving

254

(2)

Summary

256

(2)

Issues in Communication: Campus Speaker Committee

258

(1)

Additional Resources

259

(1)

References

259

(6)

part 4 FUNDAMENTALS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING: PREPARATION AND DELIVERY

265

(194)

Topic Selection and Audience Analysis

267

(26)

How do I Select a Topic?

268

(4)

Individual Brainstorming

268

(1)

Personal Inventories

269

(1)

Involvement in the Topic

269

(1)

Knowledge of the Topic

270

(2)

How do I Narrow My Topic?

272

(2)

How do I Analyze My Audience?

274

(10)

Four Levels of Audience Analysis

274

(5)

Three Methods of Audience Analysis

279

(5)

How do I Adapt to the Audience?

284

(9)

Adapting Yourself

285

(1)

Adapting Your Verbal and Nonverbal Codes

286

(1)

Adapting Your Topic

286

(1)

Adapting Your Purpose

286

(2)

Adapting Your Supporting Materials

288

(1)

Summary

288

(1)

Issues in Communication: Woops! Wrong Audience

289

(1)

Additional Resources

290

(3)

Finding Information and Establishing Credibility

293

(32)

What Information Sources can you Use?

294

(13)

Personal Experiences

294

(1)

Written and Visual Resources

295

(4)

The Internet

299

(5)

People Sources

304

(3)

What Supporting Materials are Appropriate?

307

(6)

Examples

307

(1)

Surveys

308

(1)

Testimonial Evidence

309

(1)

Numbers and Statistics

310

(1)

Analogies

310

(1)

Explanations

311

(1)

Definitions

311

(1)

Evidence and Proof

312

(1)

What is Source Credibility?

313

(12)

Four Aspects of Credibility

314

(3)

Research Findings about Increasing Credibility

317

(2)

Ethical Considerations

319

(1)

Summary

320

(1)

Issues in Communication: Speaker Credibility

321

(1)

Additional Resources

321

(1)

References

322

(3)

Organizing Your Speech

325

(40)

The Introduction

326

(6)

Gaining and Maintaining Audience Attention

327

(3)

Arousing Audience Interest

330

(1)

Stating the Purpose

331

(1)

Establishing Your Qualifications

332

(1)

Forecasting Development and Organization

332

(1)

The Body

332

(22)

The Principles of Outlining

333

(5)

The Development of a Rough Draft

338

(2)

The Sentence Outline

340

(2)

The Key-Word Outline

342

(3)

Organizational Patterns

345

(7)

Transitions and Signposts

352

(2)

The Conclusion

354

(2)

The Bibliography

356

(9)

Summary

359

(1)

Issues in Communication: Making a Difference

360

(1)

Additional Resources

361

(1)

References

361

(4)

Communication Apprehension, Delivery, and Visual Resources

365

(38)

What is Communication Apprehension?

366

(7)

Normal Communication Apprehension

367

(1)

Reducing the Fear of Public Speaking

368

(3)

High Communication Apprehension

371

(2)

What is Delivery?

373

(1)

What are the Four Modes of Speech Delivery?

374

(3)

The Extemporaneous Mode

375

(1)

The Impromptu Mode

375

(1)

The Manuscript Mode

375

(1)

The Memorized Mode

376

(1)

What are the Vocal and Bodily Aspects of Speech Delivery?

377

(10)

The Vocal Aspects of Speech Delivery

377

(6)

The Bodily Aspects of Speech Delivery

383

(4)

What are Visual Aids?

387

(16)

The Uses of Visual Aids

388

(1)

The Types of Visual Aids

388

(9)

Summary

397

(2)

Issues in Communication: Style and Substance

399

(1)

Additional Resources

399

(1)

References

400

(3)

The Informative Speech

403

(26)

How do you Prepare an Informative Speech?

404

(6)

The Goal of Informative Speaking

405

(1)

Topics for Informative Speeches

406

(2)

The Behavioral Purposes of Informative Speeches

408

(2)

How do you Effectively Present Information to an Audience?

410

(5)

Information Hunger

410

(1)

Information Relevance

410

(1)

Extrinsic Motivation

411

(1)

Informative Content

412

(1)

Information Overload

413

(1)

Content Organization

414

(1)

Skills for Informative Speaking

415

(4)

Defining

415

(2)

Describing

417

(1)

Explaining

417

(1)

Narrating

418

(1)

An Example of an Informative Speech?

419

(10)

Summary

424

(1)

Issues in Communication: Learning to Teach

425

(1)

Additional Resources

426

(1)

References

426

(3)

Persuasive and Presentational Speaking

429

(30)

What is Persuasion and What are the Goals of Persuasive Speaking?

430

(3)

What are Some Persuasive Speech Topics?

433

(2)

How do you Persuade an Audience?

435

(10)

Motivational Appeals

435

(1)

Emotional Appeals

436

(1)

Logical Appeals

437

(1)

Organizational Considerations

438

(2)

Speaker Credibility

440

(2)

Ethical Considerations

442

(3)

What are Some Persuasive Speaking Skills?

445

(1)

How do you Resist Persuasion?

446

(2)

What is Presentational Speaking?

448

(3)

Source Credibility

449

(1)

The Audience

449

(1)

The Setting

450

(1)

Types of Presentations

450

(1)

A Presentational Speech Example

451

(8)

Summary

454

(1)

Issues in Communication: Beauty and Dieting

455

(1)

Additional Resources

455

(1)

References

456

(3)

appendix INTERVIEWING FOR INFORMATION AND EMPLOYMENT

459

(20)

What is Interviewing?

460

(1)

What are the Relationship Dimensions of an Interview?

461

(1)

What are Interview Approaches?

462

(1)

What are the Types of Interviews?

463

(1)

What is the Structure of an Interview?

464

(2)

The Opening

464

(1)

The Body

465

(1)

The Closing

465

(1)

What are the Types of Interview Questions?

466

(2)

Open and Closed Questions

466

(1)

Primary and Secondary Questions

467

(1)

Neutral and Leading Questions

467

(1)

How can you be an Effective Participant in Information-Seeking Interviews?

468

(2)

How can you be an Effective Participant in Job-Seeking Interviews?

470

(3)

A Prescription for Success in Job-Seeking Interviews

471

(2)

Employer Preparation for Job-Seeking Interviews

473

(1)

The Types and Uses of Job-Seeking Interviews

473

(6)

Summary

476

(1)

Additional Resources

477

(1)

References

477

(2)

Glossary

479

(20)

Credits

499

(2)

Index

501

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An Introduction to Human Communication: Understanding and Sharing

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials