Introduction to Investigations

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ISBN: 9780534576462 | 053457646X
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 10/14/2002

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Part I: BACKGROUND INFORMATION. 1. The History of Investigations and The Investigations Industry. 2. The Investigating Process. Part II: THE TOOLS OF INVESTIGATIONS. 3. The Crime Scene. 4. Report Writing and Case Management. 5. Law, Evidence, and Investigating. 6. Criminalistics and Technology in Investigations. 7. Interviews and Interrogations. 8. Sources of Information. 9. Surveillance and Undercover Investigations. Part III: TYPES OF INVESTIGATIONS. 10. The Investigation of Violent Crimes: Murder, Rape, or Sexual Assault, Aggravated Assault and Kidnapping. 11. The Investigation of Property Crimes: Burglary, Larceny, Motor Vehicle Theft and Arson. 12. The Investigation of Narcotics and Drug Offenses. 13. The Investigation of Terrorist Activities. 14. The Investigation of Computer Crime. 15. Private Sector Investigations. Court Cases. Bibliography. Index.

Preface

PART I BACKGROUND INFORMATION

The History of Investigations and the Investigations Industry

(27)

Introduction

(1)

Before Public Investigating

(1)

Thief-Takers

(1)

The Bow Street Runners

(1)

Nineteenth-Century Investigating

(6)

France

(1)

England

(2)

United States

(3)

Twentieth-Century Investigating

(7)

Local Investigating

(2)

Federal Investigating

(1)

Scientific Assistance in Investigating

(1)

The Research Revolution and Investigating

(2)

The Third Degree and the Due Process Revolution and Investigating

(2)

Public Investigating Today

(7)

Local and State Investigators

(1)

Federal Investigators

(4)

International Aid to Investigating

(1)

What Do Public Investigators Do and How Do They Do It?

(2)

Private Investigating Today

(3)

Why Do We Need Private Investigators?

(1)

What Do Private Investigators Do and How Do They Do It?

(1)

Scope of the Industry

(1)

The Image of the Private Investigator

(1)

Summary

(1)

Learning Check

(1)

Application Exercises

(1)

Web Exercises

(1)

Key Terms

(1)

The Investigations Process

(18)

Introduction

(1)

An Overview of Investigating

(1)

Defining an Investigation

(1)

Purposes of an Investigation

(1)

Judging the Effectiveness of an Investigation

(1)

Art or Science?

(1)

Qualities and Skills Needed in Investigating

(1)

Selection and Training of Investigators

(1)

Selecting Investigators

(1)

Training Investigators

(1)

Types of Investigations

(3)

Criminal-Noncriminal

(1)

Reactive-Proactive

(1)

Overt-Covert

(1)

The Investigating Questions

(1)

Patterns, Leads, Tips, and Theories

(1)

Patterns

(1)

Leads

(1)

Tips

(1)

Theories

(1)

Commencing the Investigation

(1)

Verifying the Crime Report: False Reports

(1)

Ethics in Investigating

(5)

Summary

(1)

Learning Check

(1)

Application Exercises

(1)

Web Exercises

(1)

Key Terms

(1)

PART II THE TOOLS OF INVESTIGATIONS

The Crime Scene

(29)

Introduction

(1)

The Crime Scene

(2)

The Warrant Requirement at the Crime Scene

(1)

Duties of Police Personnel at the Crime Scene

(2)

The First Responding Patrol Officer

(1)

The Investigator

(1)

The Criminalist or Crime Scene Unit

(1)

Preserving Crime Scene Evidence

(3)

Protecting the Crime Scene

(2)

Establishing a Temporary Headquarters or Command Post

(1)

Processing the Crime Scene

(10)

Preliminary Duties

(1)

Photographing

(3)

Sketching

(1)

Constructing Scale Models

(1)

Searching for Evidence

(1)

Recording

(2)

Reconstructing the Crime Scene

(1)

Processing Crime Scene Evidence

(6)

Processing Items of Evidence

(1)

Chain of Custody

(1)

Marking Evidence

(1)

Packaging Evidence

(1)

Fingerprints

(1)

Blood

(1)

Bite Marks and Bruises

(1)

Soil

(1)

Scent Evidence

(1)

Hair

(1)

Shoe or Tire Impressions

(1)

Tool Fragments and Tool Marks

(1)

Glass

(1)

Paint

(1)

Evidence Checklist

(1)

The Role of the Private Investigator in Crime Scene Cases

(3)

Summary

(1)

Learning Check

(1)

Application Exercise

(1)

Web Exercise

(1)

Key Terms

(1)

Case Management and Report Writing

(25)

Introduction

(1)

Case Management

(4)

Purposes of Case Management

(1)

Formalized Case Management Procedures

(2)

Note Taking

(2)

Report Writing

(10)

Preformatted Reports

(2)

Official Written Reports

(2)

Purpose and Quality of Reports

(1)

Points of Information to Include

(1)

Description in Reports

(5)

How to Write A Report

(3)

Just Write It: Free Writing

(1)

Just Write It Again

(1)

Find Your Voice

(1)

Technology: Use It, Don't Fight It!

(1)

Computerized Report Writing

(2)

The Case Folder

(1)

Computerized Case Management

(1)

Holmes

(3)

Other Computerized Systems

(1)

Summary

(1)

Learning Check

(1)

Application Exercise

(1)

Web Exercise

(1)

Key Terms

(1)

Law, Evidence, and Investigating

100

(19)

Introduction

101

(1)

Law

101

(3)

History of Law

101

(3)

Types of Law

104

(1)

The U.S. Legal System

104

(3)

The Criminal-Civil Law Process

105

(1)

The Trial

106

(1)

The Jury

106

(1)

Evidence

107

(1)

Types of Evidence

108

(1)

Direct Evidence

108

(1)

Circumstantial Evidence

108

(1)

Prima Facie Evidence

108

(1)

Forms of Evidence

109

(1)

Testimony of Witnesses

109

(1)

Documentary Evidence

109

(1)

Real Evidence

109

(1)

Rules of Evidence

110

(5)

Materiality

110

(1)

Relevance

110

(1)

Competency

111

(1)

Presumptions

111

(2)

Judicial Notice

113

(1)

Opinion Evidence

113

(1)

The Hearsay Rule and Exceptions

113

(2)

Courtroom Testimony

115

(3)

Preparation

115

(1)

Appearance and Demeanor

116

(1)

Testimony

116

(2)

Summary

118

(1)

Learning Check

118

(1)

Application Exercise

118

(1)

Web Exercise

118

(1)

Key Terms

118

(1)

Criminalistics and Technology

119

(42)

Introduction

120

(1)

The Importance of Criminalistics in Investigating

120

(2)

A Brief History of Criminalistics and Fingerprinting

122

(3)

Anthropometry

122

(1)

Photography

123

(1)

Fingerprinting

123

(1)

Blood Analysis

124

(1)

Ballistics

124

(1)

Criminalistics Training and Crime Labs

124

(1)

DNA-Genetic Fingerprinting

125

(1)

The Modern Crime Lab

125

(9)

Major Criminalistics Sections

125

(8)

Specialty Forensic Sections

133

(1)

Crime Lab Accreditation

133

(1)

Modern Criminalistic Techniques

134

(8)

DNA Profiling

134

(6)

Ultraviolet Forensic Imaging

140

(1)

Other Techniques

140

(2)

Expert Criminalistic Testimony in the Courtroom

142

(1)

Computers in Investigating

142

(1)

Automated Information Systems

142

(1)

Computer-Aided Investigations

143

(1)

Fingerprint Technology

143

(8)

Basic Categories of Fingerprints

144

(1)

Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems

144

(5)

Automated Palmprint Technology

149

(2)

Biometric Identification

151

(1)

Advanced Photographic Techniques

152

(2)

Mug Shot Imaging

152

(1)

Age-Progression Photographs

153

(1)

Composite Sketches

154

(1)

Technology and Investigative Surveillance

154

(4)

Listening, Recording, and Viewing Devices

155

(1)

Surveillance Vans

156

(1)

Vehicle Tracking Systems

156

(1)

Night Vision Devices

156

(1)

Surveillance Aircraft

157

(1)

Global Positioning Systems

157

(1)

Fear of Technology by Civil Libertarians

158

(1)

Summary

158

(1)

Learning Check

159

(1)

Application Exercises

159

(1)

Web Exercises

160

(1)

Key Terms

160

(1)

Interviews and Interrogations

161

(38)

Introduction

162

(1)

The Interviewer

162

(1)

The Interview

162

(5)

Purpose

162

(1)

Types of Interviews

163

(2)

The Setting

165

(1)

Preparation

166

(1)

The Interview Itself

166

(1)

Ending the Interview

167

(1)

Interviewing Special Populations

167

(4)

Children

168

(1)

Victims of Sexual Abuse

168

(3)

Recalcitrant Witnesses

171

(1)

Special Aids in Interviewing and Interrogating

171

(5)

The Cognitive Interview

171

(2)

Hypnosis

173

(1)

The Polygraph

174

(1)

The Psychological Stress Evaluator

174

(1)

Narcoanalysis

175

(1)

Body Language

175

(1)

The Interrogation and the Miranda Ruling

176

(13)

The Path to Miranda

177

(1)

The Miranda Ruling

178

(1)

The Erosion of Miranda

179

(6)

The Dickerson Ruling and Beyond

185

(1)

The Miranda Ruling and the Nonpolice Investigator

186

(1)

The Miranda Ruling and Compelled Interviews of Public Employees

187

(2)

The Interrogation

189

(2)

Purpose

189

(1)

Setting

189

(1)

Preparation

189

(1)

The Interrogation Itself

189

(1)

Special Tactics in Obtaining Confessions

190

(1)

Recording the Interview or Interrogation

191

(5)

Written Statements and Confessions

191

(1)

Videotaped Confessions

192

(2)

Surreptitious Recording of Suspects' Conversations

194

(2)

Training for Interviewing and Interrogation

196

(1)

Summary

197

(1)

Learning Check

197

(1)

Application Exercise

197

(1)

Web Exercise

197

(1)

Key Terms

198

(1)

Sources of Information

199

(21)

Introduction

200

(1)

People as Sources of Information

200

(3)

Regular Sources

200

(1)

Cultivated Sources

201

(2)

Records as Sources of Information

203

(11)

The Paper Trail

203

(1)

Keepers of Records

203

(1)

Law Enforcement Sources

203

(2)

Government Sources

205

(5)

The Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)

210

(1)

The Local Public Library

211

(1)

Private Sources

212

(2)

Books and Directories as Sources of Information

214

(1)

Information Brokers

215

(1)

The Internet Revolution and Sources of Information

216

(1)

Constitutional and Legal Limitations on Sources of Information

217

(1)

Summary

218

(1)

Learning Check

218

(1)

Application Exercise

219

(1)

Web Exercise

219

(1)

Key Terms

219

(1)

Surveillance and Undercover Investigations

220

(33)

Introduction

221

(1)

Definition and Purposes of Surveillance

221

(4)

Public Investigations

221

(1)

Private Investigations

221

(2)

Preparation for the Surveillance

223

(2)

The Surveillance

225

(3)

The Stationary Surveillance

225

(1)

The Moving Surveillance

226

(1)

What If the Tail Is Made?

227

(1)

Common Mistakes in Maintaining Surveillances

227

(1)

Testing a Tail

227

(1)

Surveillances Require Practice

228

(1)

Recording the Surveillance

228

(1)

Written Notes

228

(1)

Photographs

228

(1)

Video

228

(1)

Debriefing the Surveillance

228

(1)

The Law and Electronic Surveillance

229

(2)

Case Law History

229

(1)

Legislative Law History

230

(1)

Definition and Purposes of Undercover Investigation

231

(1)

Types of Undercover Investigations

232

(5)

Police Undercover Investigations

232

(1)

Federal Undercover Investigations

233

(1)

Private Security Undercover Investigations

233

(4)

The Undercover Investigation

237

(9)

The Undercover Investigator

237

(4)

Preparation for the Undercover Investigation

241

(3)

Tactics for the Undercover Investigation

244

(2)

Advice from Experts

246

(1)

Communicating With Supervisors

246

(1)

Recording the Undercover Investigation

247

(2)

Danger in the Undercover Investigation, and Illegal Activity

249

(1)

Entrapment

250

(1)

Summary

251

(1)

Learning Check

251

(1)

Application Exercises

252

(1)

Web Exercise

252

(1)

Key Terms

252

(1)

PART III TYPES OF INVESTIGATIONS

The Investigation of Violent Crimes

253

(38)

Introduction

254

(1)

Violent Crimes

254

(1)

Homicide Investigations

254

(9)

Methods of Investigation

255

(4)

Forensic Death Investigations

259

(3)

The Cold Case Investigations Concept

262

(1)

Rape or Sexual Assault Investigations

263

(2)

Methods of Investigation

263

(2)

Robbery Investigations

265

(6)

Methods of Investigation

265

(6)

Aggravated Assault Investigations

271

(1)

Methods of Investigation

271

(1)

Kidnapping Investigations

272

(6)

Methods of Investigation

276

(1)

FBI Assistance in Kidnapping Cases

277

(1)

National Center for Missing and Exploited Children

278

(1)

Police Eyewitness Identification Procedures

278

(4)

Lineups, Showups, and Photo Arrays

279

(1)

Other Identification Procedures

280

(2)

Special Issues in Violent Crime

282

(7)

Use of DNA in Solving Murder and Rape Cases

282

(1)

Workplace Violence

282

(1)

Domestic Violence

283

(2)

Criminal Personality Profiling

285

(4)

Summary

289

(1)

Learning Check

289

(1)

Application Exercise

289

(1)

Web Exercise

290

(1)

Key Terms

290

(1)

The Investigation of Property Crimes

291

(22)

Introduction

292

(1)

Property Crime

292

(1)

The Police and Property Crime

292

(1)

Private Security and Property Crime

293

(1)

Burglary

293

(3)

Methods of Investigation

294

(1)

Proactive Measures Against Burglary

294

(2)

Larceny or Theft

296

(1)

Methods of Investigation

297

(1)

Proactive Measures Against Larceny or Theft

297

(1)

Motor Vehicle Theft

297

(8)

Methods of Investigation

299

(5)

Proactive Measures Against Motor Vehicle Theft

304

(1)

Arson

305

(5)

Methods of Investigation

306

(1)

Federal Assistance in Arson Investigations

307

(3)

Summary

310

(1)

Learning Check

311

(1)

Application Exercise

311

(1)

Web Exercise

311

(1)

Key Terms

312

(1)

The Investigation of Controlled Substances and Drug Offenses

313

(35)

Introduction

314

(1)

The U.S. Drug Problem

314

(2)

Major Drugs of Abuse

316

(12)

Narcotics

316

(2)

Depressants

318

(1)

Stimulants

319

(1)

Cannabis

319

(2)

Hallucinogens

321

(1)

Anabolic Steroids

322

(6)

Controlled Substances and Drug Laws

328

(2)

Federal Laws

328

(2)

State Laws

330

(1)

Drug Enforcement Agencies

330

(9)

Federal Agencies

330

(7)

State and Local Agencies

337

(1)

International Cooperation

338

(1)

Methods of Drug Enforcement

339

(2)

Source Control

339

(1)

Interdiction

340

(1)

Disrupting Domestic Distribution

340

(1)

Disrupting Wholesaling

341

(1)

Disrupting Street Sales

341

(1)

Tools for Drug Enforcement

341

(1)

Proactive, Covert, Undercover Investigative Methods for Drug Investigations

341

(4)

Infiltration

341

(1)

Stakeouts

341

(1)

Undercover Buy-and-Busts

342

(3)

Summary

345

(1)

Learning Check

346

(1)

Application Exercise

347

(1)

Web Exercise

347

(1)

Key Terms

347

(1)

The Investigation of Terrorist Activities

348

(22)

Introduction

349

(1)

Terrorism

350

(4)

International Terrorism

351

(3)

Domestic Terrorism

354

(1)

Federal Efforts Against Terrorism

354

(7)

Recent Reorganizations

355

(3)

Earlier Efforts

358

(3)

State and Local Efforts Against Terrorism

361

(1)

Private Security Efforts Against Terrorism

362

(1)

Catastrophic Disasters and Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)

362

(1)

Methods of Investigating Terrorism

363

(4)

Proactive Methods

364

(1)

Reactive Methods

364

(1)

The Joint Terrorism Task Force Concept

365

(2)

Assessing Travel Risk for U.S. Citizens Abroad

367

(1)

Summary

368

(1)

Learning Check

369

(1)

Application Exercise

369

(1)

Web Exercise

369

(1)

Key Terms

369

(1)

The Investigation of Computer Crime

370

(23)

Introduction

371

(1)

The Computer Crime Problem in Business and Society

371

(1)

Cybercrime

372

(10)

Fraud

373

(1)

Identity Theft

373

(3)

Web Attacks

376

(1)

Computer Hacking

376

(1)

Cyberstalking

377

(1)

Pedophiles

377

(2)

Computer Theft

379

(1)

Computer Viruses

380

(2)

Other Crimes

382

(1)

Investigating Computer Crime

382

(4)

Specialized Technical Techniques

382

(4)

Proactive Investigative Techniques

386

(1)

Electronic Surveillance and Interception

386

(1)

Computer Security Methods

386

(4)

System Control

387

(1)

Encryption

388

(1)

Computer Use Monitoring

389

(1)

Biometrics for Computer Access

390

(1)

Summary

390

(1)

Learning Check

391

(1)

Application Exercise

391

(1)

Web Exercise

391

(1)

Key Terms

392

(1)

Private Sector Investigations

393

(26)

Introduction

394

(1)

Major Forms of Private Sector Investigations

394

(3)

Proprietary Security Investigations

395

(1)

Contract Security Investigations

395

(2)

Independent Private Investigations

397

(1)

Overview of Private Sector Investigations

397

(3)

Major Types of Private Sector Noncriminal Investigations

400

(11)

Pre-employment Background Screenings

400

(5)

Drug Testing

405

(1)

Financial Investigations

406

(1)

Product Liability

407

(1)

Finding People---Missing Persons

407

(1)

Sexual Harassment

408

(1)

Personal Injury

409

(1)

Wrongful Death

409

(1)

Medical Malpractice

410

(1)

Domestic-Marital

410

(1)

Miscellaneous Services

410

(1)

Major Types of Private Sector Criminal Investigations

411

(5)

Violent and Property Crimes

411

(1)

Theft and Fraud

411

(3)

Insurance Fraud

414

(1)

Industrial Espionage

414

(2)

Summary

416

(1)

Learning Check

416

(1)

Application Exercise

416

(1)

Web Exercise

416

(1)

Key Terms

417

(2)

Notes

419

(14)

Glossary

433

(6)

Bibliography

439

(6)

Court Cases

445

(2)

Index

447

(12)

Photograph Credits

459

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Introduction to Investigations

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials