An Introduction to the Mechanical Properties of Solid Polymers, 2nd Edition

, by I. M. Ward (IRC in Polymer Science and Technology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, UK); J. Sweeney (IRC in Polymer Science and Technology, School of Engineering, Design and Technology, University of Bradford, UK)

Write a Review

Note: Supplemental materials are not guaranteed with Rental or Used book purchases.

ISBN: 9780471496250 | 0471496251
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 5/1/2004

Rent

(Recommended)

$157.79

Term

Due

Price

Semester

Dec 12

$166.09

Quarter

Aug 13

$157.79

Short Term

Jul 20

$149.48

*This item is part of an exclusive publisher rental program and requires an additional convenience fee. This fee will be reflected in the shopping bag.
Buy New

Currently Available, Usually Ships in 24-48 Hours

$211.79
eBook

Available Instantly

Online: 1825 Days

Downloadable: Lifetime Access

*To support the delivery of the digital material to you, a digital delivery fee of $3.99 will be charged on each digital item.

$99.60*

Provides a comprehensive introduction to the mechanical behaviour of solid polymers. Extensively revised and updated throughout, the second edition now includes new material on mechanical relaxations and anisotropy, composites modelling, non-linear viscoelasticity, yield behaviour and fracture of tough polymers.The accessible approach of the book has been retained with each chapter designed to be self contained and the theory and applications of the subject carefully introduced where appropriate. The latest developments in the field are included alongside worked examples, mathematical appendices and an extensive reference. Fully revised and updated throughout to include all the latest developments in the field Worked examples at the end of the chapter An invaluable resource for students of materials science, chemistry, physics or engineering studying polymer science

Preface

1 Structure of Polymers

(18)

1.1 Chemical composition

(8)

1.1.1 Polymerization

(2)

1.1.2 Cross-linking and chain-branching

(1)

1.1.3 Average molecular mass and molecular mass distribution

(1)

1.1.4 Chemical and steric isomerism and stereoregularity

(2)

1.1.5 Liquid crystalline polymers

(2)

1.1.6 Blends, grafts and copolymers

(1)

1.2 Physical structure

(10)

1.2.1 Rotational isomerism

(2)

1.2.2 Orientation and crystallinity

(5)

References

(1)

Further reading

(1)

3 Rubber-Like Elasticity

(22)

3.1 General features of rubber-like behaviour

(2)

3.2 The thermodynamics of deformation

(2)

3.3 The statistical theory

(8)

3.3.1 Simplifying assumptions

(1)

3.3.2 The average length of a molecule between cross-links

(1)

3.3.3 The entropy of a single chain

(2)

3.3.4 The elasticity of a molecular network

(4)

3.4 Modifications of the simple molecular network

(3)

3.5 Recent developments in the molecular theory of rubber elasticity

(7)

References

(1)

Problems for Chapters 2 and 3

(2)

4 Principles of Linear Viscoelasticity

(26)

4.1 Viscoelasticity as a phenomenon

(6)

4.1.1 Linear viscoelastic behaviour

(1)

4.1.2 Creep

(3)

4.1.3 Stress relaxation

(1)

4.2 Mathematical representation of linear viscoelasticity

(11)

4.2.1 The Boltzmann superposition principle

(4)

4.2.2 The stress relaxation modulus

(1)

4.2.3 Mechanical models, retardation and relaxation time spectra

(7)

4.3 Dynamic mechanical measurements: the complex modulus and complex compliance

(9)

4.3.1 Experimental patterns for G1, G2, etc. as a function of frequency

(1)

4.3.2 The Alfrey approximation

(3)

References

(1)

Problems for Chapter 4

(3)

5 The Measurement of Viscoelastic Behaviour

(16)

5.1 Creep and stress relaxation

(3)

5.1.1 Creep conditioning

(1)

5.1.2 Specimen characterization

(1)

5.1.3 Experimental precautions

(3)

5.2 Dynamic mechanical measurements

(5)

5.2.1 The torsion pendulum

(3)

5.2.2 Forced vibration methods

(1)

5.2.3 Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA)

(1)

5.3 Wave-propagation methods

(7)

5.3.1 The kilohertz frequency range

(1)

5.3.2 The megahertz frequency range: ultrasonic methods

(3)

5.3.3 The hypersonic frequency range: Brillouin spectroscopy

(1)

References

(3)

6 Experimental Studies of Linear Viscoelastic Behaviour as a Function of Frequency and Temperature: Time-Temperature Equivalence

(26)

6.1 General introduction

(6)

6.1.1 Amorphous polymers

(3)

6.1.2 Temperature dependence of viscoelastic behaviour

(3)

6.1.3 Crystallinity and inclusions

101

(1)

6.2 Time-temperature equivalence and superposition

101

(3)

6.3 Molecular interpretations of time-temperature equivalence

104

(9)

6.3.1 Molecular rate processes with a constant activation energy: the site model theory

104

(4)

6.3.2 The Williams-Landel-Ferry (WLF) equation

108

(5)

6.4 Flexible molecular chain models

113

(8)

6.4.1 Normal mode theories

113

(3)

6.4.2 The dynamics of highly entangled polymers

116

(3)

References

119

(2)

7 Anisotropic Mechanical Behaviour

121

(42)

7.1 Elastic constants and polymer symmetry

121

(4)

7.1.1 Specimens possessing orthorhombic symmetry

122

(1)

7.1.2 Specimens possessing uniaxial symmetry, often termed transverse isotropy

123

(2)

7.2 Measuring elastic constants

125

(6)

7.2.1 Measurements on films or sheets

125

(4)

7.2.2 Measurements on filaments

129

(2)

7.3 Experimental studies of mechanical anisotropy in oriented polymers

131

(8)

7.3.1 Sheets of low-density polyethylene

132

(2)

7.3.2 Filaments tested at room temperature

134

(5)

7.4 Interpretation of mechanical anisotropy: general considerations

139

(3)

7.4.1 Theoretical calculations of elastic constants

139

(2)

7.4.2 Orientation and morphology

141

(1)

7.5 Experimental studies of anisotropic mechanical behaviour and their interpretation

142

(10)

7.5.1 The aggregate model and mechanical anisotropy

143

(1)

7.5.2 Correlation between the elastic constants of a highly oriented and an isotropic polymer

143

(3)

7.5.3 The development of mechanical anisotropy with molecular orientation

146

(3)

7.5.4 The anisotropy of amorphous polymers

149

(1)

7.5.5 Later applications of the aggregate model

150

(2)

7.6 The aggregate model for chain-extended polyethylene and liquid crystalline polymers

152

(5)

7.7 Auxetic materials: negative Poisson's ratio

157

(6)

References

160

(3)

8 Polymer Composites: Macroscale and Microscale

163

(30)

8.1 Composites: a general introduction

163

(1)

8.2 Mechanical anisotropy of polymer composites

164

(6)

8.2.1 Mechanical anisotropy of lamellar structures

164

(2)

8.2.2 Elastic constants of highly aligned fibre composites

166

(3)

8.2.3 Mechanical anisotropy and strength of uniaxially aligned fibre composites

169

(1)

8.3 Short fibre composites

170

(4)

8.3.1 The influence of fibre length: shear lag theory

171

(2)

8.3.2 Debonding and pull-out

173

(1)

8.3.3 Partially oriented fibre composites

174

(1)

8.4 Takayanagi models for semicrystalline polymers

174

(10)

8.4.1 The simple Takayanagi model

175

(2)

8.4.2 Takayanagi models for dispersed phases

177

(2)

8.4.3 Modelling polymers with a single-crystal texture

179

(5)

8.5 Ultrahigh-modulus polyethylene

184

(6)

8.5.1 The crystalline fibril model

184

(3)

8.5.2 The crystalline bridge model

187

(3)

8.6 Conclusions

190

(3)

References

190

(1)

Problems for Chapters 7 and 8

191

(2)

9 Relaxation Transitions: Experimental Behaviour and Molecular Interpretation

193

(26)

9.1 Amorphous polymers: an introduction

193

(1)

9.2 Factors affecting the glass transition in amorphous polymers

194

(8)

9.2.1 Effect of chemical structure

195

(2)

9.2.2 Effect of molecular mass and cross-linking

197

(1)

9.2.3 Blends, grafts and copolymers

198

(2)

9.2.4 Effect of plasticizers

200

(2)

9.3 Relaxation transitions in crystalline polymers

202

(14)

9.3.1 General introduction

202

(1)

9.3.2 Relaxation in low crystallinity polymers

203

(2)

9.3.3 Relaxation processes in polyethylene

205

(7)

9.3.4 Relaxation processes in liquid crystalline polymers

212

(4)

9.4 Conclusions

216

(4)

References

216

(3)

10 Creep, Stress Relaxation and Non-linear Viscoelasticity

219

(22)

10.1 The engineering approach

220

(1)

10.1.1 Isochronous stress-strain curves

220

(1)

10.2 The rheological approach

220

(11)

10.2.1 Adaptations of linear theory - differential models

221

(3)

10.2.2 Adaptations of linear theory - integral models

224

(4)

10.2.3 More complicated single-integral representations

228

(3)

10.2.4 Comparison of single-integral models

231

(1)

10.3 Creep and stress relaxations as thermally activated processes

231

(11)

10.3.1 The Eyring equation

231

(2)

10.3.2 Applications of the Eyring equation to creep

233

(3)

10.3.3 Applications of the Eyring equation to stress relaxation

236

(2)

10.3.4 Applications of the Eyring equation to yield

238

(1)

References

239

(2)

11 Yielding and Instability in Polymers

241

(32)

11.1 Discussion of load-elongation curves in tensile testing

242

(8)

11.1.1 Necking and the ultimate stress

243

(3)

11.1.2 Necking and cold-drawing: a phenomenological discussion

246

(1)

11.1.3 Use of the Considère construction

247

(2)

11.1.4 Definition of yield stress

249

(1)

11.2 Ideal plastic behaviour

250

(8)

11.2.1 The yield criterion: general considerations

250

(1)

11.2.2 The Tresca yield criterion

251

(1)

11.2.3 The Coulomb yield criterion

251

(2)

11.2.4 The von Mises yield criterion

253

(2)

11.2.5 Geometrical representations of the Tresca, von Mises and Coulomb yield criteria

255

(1)

11.2.6 Combined stress states

256

(2)

11.3 Historical development of understanding of the yield process

258

(3)

11.3.1 Adiabatic heating

258

(2)

11.3.2 The isothermal yield process: the nature of the load drop

260

(1)

11.4 Experimental evidence for yield criteria in polymers

261

(5)

11.4.1 Application of Coulomb yield criterion to yield behaviour

261

(1)

11.4.2 Direct evidence of the influence of hydrostatic pressure on yield behaviour

262

(4)

11.5 The molecular interpretations of yield and cold-drawing

266

(2)

11.5.1 Yield as an activated rate process: the Eyring equation

266

(1)

11.5.2 Alternative models: nucleation-controlled mechanisms

266

(1)

11.5.3 Pressure dependence and general states of stress

267

(1)

11.6 Cold-drawing

268

(5)

11.6.1 General considerations

268

(1)

11.6.2 The natural draw ratio, maximum draw ratios and molecular networks

269

(1)

11.6.3 Crystalline polymers

270

(1)

References

270

(3)

12 Breaking Phenomena

273

(68)

12.1 Definition of tough and brittle behaviour in polymers

273

(1)

12.2 Principles of brittle fracture of polymers

274

(6)

12.2.1 Griffith fracture theory

274

(1)

12.2.2 The Irwin model

275

(2)

12.2.3 The strain energy release rate

277

(3)

12.3 Controlled fracture in brittle polymers

280

(1)

12.4 Crazing in glassy polymers

281

(5)

12.5 The structure and formation of crazes

286

(10)

12.5.1 The structure of crazes

288

(3)

12.5.2 Craze initiation and growth

291

(4)

12.5.3 Crazing in the presence of fluids and gases: environmental crazing

295

(1)

12.6 Controlled fracture in tough polymers

296

(11)

12.6.1 The J-integral

298

(4)

12.6.2 Essential work of fracture

302

(3)

12.6.3 Crack opening displacement

305

(2)

12.7 The molecular approach

307

(3)

12.8 Factors influencing brittle-ductile behaviour: brittle-ductile transitions

310

(5)

12.8.1 The Ludwig-Davidenkov-Orowan hypothesis

310

(1)

12.8.2 Notch sensitivity and Vincent's aB-o diagram

311

(4)

12.9 The impact strength of polymers

315

(10)

12.9.1 Flexed-beam impact

315

(4)

12.9.2 Falling-weight impact

319

(2)

12.9.3 Toughened polymers: high-impact polyblends

321

(1)

12.9.4 Crazing and stress whitening

322

(2)

12.9.5 Dilatation bands

324

(1)

12.10 The tensile strength and tearing of polymers in the rubbery state

325

(3)

12.10.1 The tearing of rubbers: extension of Griffith theory

325

(1)

12.10.2 Molecular theories of the tensile strength of rubbers

326

(2)

12.11 Effect of strain rate and temperature

328

(3)

12.12 Fatigue in polymers

331

(10)

References

335

(4)

Problems for Chapters 11 and 12

339

(2)

Appendix 1

341

(12)

A1.1 Scalars, vectors and tensors

341

(1)

A1.2 Tensor components of stress

341

(1)

A1.3 Tensor components of strain

342

(1)

A1.4 Generalized Hooke's law

342

(1)

A1.5 Engineering strains and matrix notation

343

(2)

A1.6 The elastic moduli of isotropic materials

345

(2)

A1.7 Transformation of tensors from one set of coordinate axes to another

347

(3)

A1.8 The Mohr circle construction

350

(1)

References

351

(2)

Appendix 2

353

(4)

A2.1 Rivlin, Mooney, Ogden

353

(3)

References

356

(1)

Answers to Problems

357

(20)

Index

377

Please wait while the item is added to your bag...

FREE SHIPPING

Rent More, Save More! Use code: BBRENTAL

5% off 1 book, 7% off 2 books, 10% off 3+ books

An Introduction to the Mechanical Properties of Solid Polymers, 2nd Edition

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

FREE SHIPPING

Rent More, Save More! Use code: BBRENTAL

5% off 1 book, 7% off 2 books, 10% off 3+ books

An Introduction to the Mechanical Properties of Solid Polymers, 2nd Edition

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Digital License