Introduction to Nanoelectronics

This book was first published in 2008. Increasing miniaturization of devices, components, and integrated systems requires developments in the capacity to measure, organize, and manipulate matter at the nanoscale. This textbook is a comprehensive, interdisciplinary account of the technology and science that underpin nanoelectronics, covering the underlying physics, nanostructures, nanomaterials, and nanodevices. Without assuming prior knowledge of quantum physics, this book provides a unifying framework for the basic ideas needed to understand the recent developments in the field. Numerous illustrations, homework problems and interactive Java applets help the student to appreciate the basic principles of nanotechnology, and to apply them to real problems. Written in a clear yet rigorous and interdisciplinary manner, this textbook is suitable for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in electrical and electronic engineering, nanoscience, materials, bioengineering, and chemical engineering.

Preface	p. vii
List of notation	p. xii
Toward the nanoscale	p. 1
Particles and waves	p. 11
Introduction	p. 11
Classical particles	p. 11
Classical waves	p. 13
Wave-particle duality	p. 23
Closing remarks	p. 28
Problems	p. 29
Wave mechanics	p. 33
Introduction	p. 33
The Schrödinger wave equation	p. 33
Wave mechanics of particles: selected examples	p. 38
Atoms and atomic orbitals	p. 55
Closing remarks	p. 62
Problems	p. 63
Materials for nanoelectronics	p. 65
Introduction	p. 65
Semiconductors	p. 66
Crystal lattices: bonding in crystals	p. 68
Electron energy bands	p. 73
Semiconductor heterostructures	p. 84
Lattice-matched and pseudomorphic heterostructures	p. 87
Organic semiconductors	p. 95
Carbon nanomaterials: nanotubes and fullerenes	p. 98
Closing remarks	p. 104
Problems	p. 107
Growth, fabrication, and measurement techniques for nanostructures	p. 109
Introduction	p. 109
Bulk crystal and heterostructure growth	p. 110
Nanolithography, etching, and other means for fabrication of nanostructures and nanodevices	p. 115
Techniques for characterization of nanostructures	p. 120
Spontaneous formation and ordering of nanostructures	p. 127
Clusters and nanocrystals	p. 134
Methods of nanotube growth	p. 136
Chemical and biological methods for nanoscale fabrication	p. 141
Fabrication of nanoelectromechanical systems	p. 157
Closing remarks	p. 161
Problems	p. 163
Electron transport in semiconductors and nanostructures	p. 165
Introduction	p. 165
Time and length scales of the electrons in solids	p. 165
Statistics of the electrons in solids and nanostructures	p. 172
The density of states of electrons in nanostructures	p. 180
Electron transport in nanostructures	p. 183
Closing remarks	p. 213
Problems	p. 215
Electrons in traditional low-dimensional structures	p. 218
Introduction	p. 218
Electrons in quantum wells	p. 218
Electrons in quantum wires	p. 228
Electrons in quantum dots	p. 231
Closing remarks	p. 237
Problems	p. 238
Nanostructure devices	p. 242
Introduction	p. 242
Resonant-tunneling diodes	p. 242
Field-effect transistors	p. 255
Single-electron-transfer devices	p. 269
Potential-effect transistors	p. 276
Light-emitting diodes and lasers	p. 284
Nanoelectromechanical system devices	p. 306
Quantum-dot cellular automata	p. 317
Closing remarks	p. 321
Appendix: tables of units	p. 323
Index	p. 325
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