Introduction to Optical Mineralogy

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ISBN: 9780199846276 | 0199846278
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 3/7/2012

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Introduction to Optical Mineralogy provides comprehensive coverage of the optical properties of minerals. It describes in detail more that 125 rock-forming minerals and a selection of common ore minerals. Revised chapters on optical theory discuss the petrographic microscope, the nature andproperties of light, the behavior of light in isotropic and anisotropic materials, and uniaxial and biaxial anisotropic optics. It is ideal for advanced undergraduate and graduate courses in optical mineralogy, this accessible text is also an essential resource for petrology/petrographycourses.

Preface	p. xiii
Light	p. 1
The Nature of Light	p. 1
Electromagnetic Radiation	p. 1
Phase	p. 3
The Perception of Color	p. 5
Interaction of Light and Matter	p. 5
Transmitted Light	p. 5
Velocity	p. 5
Index of Refraction	p. 6
Reflection	p. 7
Critical Angle and Total Internal Reflection	p. 8
Optical Class	p. 8
Optical Indicatrix	p. 9
Dispersion	p. 9
Light Absorption and Color	p. 11
Polarized Light	p. 12
Polarization by Double Refraction	p. 13
Polarization by Reflection	p. 14
Polarization by Scattering	p. 15
The Petrographic Microscope	p. 16
Direction Conventions	p. 16
Samples	p. 16
Illuminator	p. 18
Substage Assembly	p. 18
Microscope Stage	p. 19
Objective Lenses	p. 19
Epi-Illuminator	p. 20
Upper Polarizer	p. 21
Bertrand Lens	p. 21
Ocular	p. 21
Focusing Mechanism	p. 22
Accessories	p. 22
Additional Equipment	p. 22
General Care of the Microscope	p. 23
Adjustment of the Microscope	p. 24
Adjusting the Oculars	p. 24
Focusing	p. 24
Adjusting the Illuminator	p. 24
Centering the Objectives	p. 24
Adjusting the Substage	p. 25
Alignment of Polarizers	p. 25
General Considerations	p. 26
Refractometry	p. 27
Relief	p. 28
Becke Line Method	p. 28
Dispersion Effects	p. 30
Oblique Illumination Method	p. 32
Practical Considerations	p. 34
Accuracy of the Immersion Method	p. 34
Determining Indices of Refraction in Thin Section	p. 35
Optics of Isotropic Materials	p. 36
Isotropic Indicatrix	p. 36
Distinguishing Between Isotropic and Anisotropic Minerals	p. 37
Identification of Isotropic Minerals	p. 38
Grain Mount	p. 38
Thin Section	p. 38
Optics of Anisotropic Minerals: Introduction	p. 40
Interference Phenomena	p. 41
Monochromatic Illumination	p. 41
Retardation	p. 41
Birefringence	p. 42
Interference of the Two Rays	p. 42
Polychromatic Illumination	p. 45
Orders of Interference Colors	p. 46
Anomalous Interference Colors	p. 46
Determining Thickness of a Sample	p. 47
Thin Section	p. 47
Grain Mount	p. 47
Determining Birefringence from the Color Chart	p. 48
Thin Section	p. 48
Grain Mount	p. 49
Recognizing the Different Orders of Interference Colors	p. 49
Extinction	p. 49
Categories of Extinction	p. 50
Use of the Accessory Plates	p. 51
Sign of Elongation	p. 54
Relief	p. 54
Pleochroism	p. 55
Uniaxial Optics	p. 56
Optic Sign	p. 57
Crystallographic Considerations	p. 57
Uniaxial Indicatrix	p. 58
Use of the Indicatrix	p. 59
Birefringence and Interference Colors	p. 61
Extinctión	p. 63
Tetragonal Minerals	p. 64
Hexagonal Minerals	p. 67
Rhombohedral Cleavage	p. 67
Prismatic and Pinacoidal Cleavage	p. 68
Pleochroism	p. 68
Interference Figure	p. 69
Optic Axis Interference Figure	p. 69
Formation of Isochromes	p. 69
Formation of Isogyres	p. 70
Determining Optic Sign	p. 71
Off-Center Optic Axis Figure	p. 72
Flash Figure	p. 73
Selecting Grains to Give Interference Figures	p. 76
Optic Axis Figure	p. 76
Flash Figure	p. 76
Determining Indices of Refraction	p. 76
Grain Mount	p. 76
Determining n_¿	p. 76
Determining n_€	p. 77
Thin Section	p. 78
Spindle Stage	p. 78
Biaxial Optics	p. 80
Biaxial Indicatrix	p. 80
Mathematical Relationships	p. 82
Use of the Indicatrix	p. 83
Normal Incidence Parallel to an Indicatrix Axis	p. 85
Normal Incidence Parallel to an Optic Axis	p. 85
Normal Incidence In a Random Direction	p. 86
Inclined Incidence	p. 86
Crystallographic Orientation of Indicatrix Axes	p. 88
Orthorhombic Minterals	p. 88
Monoclininc Minerals	p. 88
Triclinic Minerals	p. 88
Biaxial Interference Figure	p. 88
Acute Bisectrix Figure	p. 88
Formation of Isochromes	p. 90
Vibration Directions and Formation of Isogyres	p. 90
Centered Optic Axis Figure	p. 92
Obtuse Bisectrix Figure	p. 94
Optic Normal Figure	p. 94
Off-Center Figures	p. 95
Selecting Grains to Produce Interference Figures	p. 97
Determining Optic Sign	p. 98
Acute Bisectrix Figure	p. 98
Obtuse Bisectrix Figure	p. 99
Optic Axis Figure	p. 100
Flash Figures	p. 100
Determining 2V	p. 100
2V Versus 2E	p. 100
Mallard's Method	p. 101
Tobi's Method	p. 101
Kamb's Method	p. 102
Wright Method	p. 104
Pleochroism	p. 106
Extinction	p. 106
Orthorhombic Minerals	p. 106
Monoclinic Minerals	p. 107
Triclinic Minerals	p. 109
Sign of Elongation	p. 109
Indices of Refraction	p. 110
Grain Mount	p. 110
Spindle Stage	p. 110
Dispersion in Biaxial Minerals	p. 112
Orthorhombic Minerals	p. 112
Monoclinic Minerals	p. 113
Triclinic Minerals	p. 114
Reflected Light Optics	p. 115
Physical Properties Observed with Polished Sections	p. 115
Crystal Form and Habit	p. 115
Hardness	p. 116
Observation in Plane Polarized Light	p. 119
Reflectance	p. 119
Bireflectance	p. 120
Measurement of Reflectance and Bireflectance	p. 122
Color and Pleochroism	p. 122
Isotropic Minerals	p. 122
Anisotropic Minerals	p. 122
Observations with Crossed Polarizers	p. 123
Polarization Colors	p. 123
Isotropic Minerals	p. 123
Anisotropic Minerals	p. 123
Internal Reflection	p. 125
Observations Related to Conoscopic Illumination	p. 125
Practical Considerations	p. 125
Identification of Minerals	p. 127
Descriptive Features	p. 127
Cleavage	p. 128
Twinning	p. 128
Alteration	p. 128
Association	p. 128
Tactics for Mineral Identification	p. 128
Thin Section Identification	p. 128
Grain Mount Identification	p. 129
Polished Section Identification	p. 130
Use of the Identification Tables	p. 130
Nonminerals	p. 131
Problems in Paradise	p. 132
Inconsistencies in Crystallographic Settings	p. 132
Poor Data	p. 132
Framework Silicates	p. 134
Silica Group	p. 134
Quartz	p. 134
Chalcedony	p. 135
Tridymite	p. 137
Cristobalite	p. 138
Opal	p. 138
Volcanic Glass	p. 139
Feldspars	p. 140
Plagioclase	p. 141
Thin Section	p. 144
Grain Mount	p. 148
Alkali Feldspars	p. 150
Sanidine	p. 154
Orthodase	p. 155
Microdine	p. 156
Adularia	p. 156
Anorthoclase	p. 157
Feldspathoids	p. 157
Nepheline	p. 157
Sodalite Group	p. 159
Leucite	p. 159
Cancrinite-Vishnevite	p. 160
Zeolites	p. 161
Analcime (Analcite)	p. 162
Natrolite	p. 164
Thomsonite	p. 165
Stilbite	p. 166
Chabazite	p. 166
Heulandite	p. 167
Laumontite	p. 168
Other Framework Silicates	p. 169
Scapolite	p. 169
Sheet Silicates	p. 171
TO Layer Silicates	p. 173
Kaolinite	p. 173
Serpentine	p. 173
TOT Layer Silicates	p. 174
Pyrophyllite	p. 174
Talc	p. 175
TOT + Interlayer Cation Layer Silicates	p. 176
Muscovite	p. 176
Biotite	p. 178
Lepidolite	p. 180
Glauconite	p. 181
Margarite	p. 182
Clintonite	p. 182
TOT + O Layer Silicates	p. 183
Chlorite	p. 183
Clay Minerals	p. 185
Other Sheet Silicates	p. 187
Stilpnomelane	p. 187
Prehnite	p. 188
Apophyllite	p. 189
Chain Silicates	p. 191
Pyroxenes	p. 191
Enstatite-Ferrosilite (Orthopyroxene)	p. 194
Pigeonite	p. 197
Calcic Clinopyroxene (Augite)	p. 199
Aegirine, Aegirine-Augite	p. 201
Omphacite	p. 203
Jadeite	p. 204
Spodumene	p. 205
Amphiboles	p. 206
Anthophyllite	p. 209
Gedrite	p. 211
Cummingtonite-Grunerite	p. 212
Tremolite-Actinolite-Ferro-actinolite	p. 214
Hornblende	p. 215
"Oxyhornblende"	p. 217
Kaersutite	p. 218
Richterite	p. 219
Arfvedsonite and Eckermannite	p. 220
Glaucophane-Riebedtite Series	p. 222
Pyroxenoids	p. 224
Wollastonite	p. 224
Rhodonite	p. 225
Pectolite	p. 226
Other Chain Silicates	p. 227
Sapphirine	p. 227
Disilicates and Ring Silicates	p. 230
Disilicates	p. 230
Lawsonite	p. 230
Pumpellyite	p. 231
Melilite	p. 233
Vesuvianite (Idocrase)	p. 234
Epidote Group	p. 234
Zoisite	p. 235
Clinozoisite-Epidote	p. 236
Piemontite	p. 239
Allanite	p. 240
Ring Silicates	p. 241
Tourmaline	p. 241
Axinite	p. 243
Beryl	p. 244
Cordierite	p. 245
Orthosilicates	p. 248
Olivine	p. 248
Monticellite	p. 250
Hurnite Group	p. 251
Garnet Group	p. 253
Andalusite	p. 255
Sillimanite	p. 257
Kyanite	p. 259
Staurolite	p. 260
Chloritoid	p. 262
Titanite (Sphene)	p. 263
Topaz	p. 264
Zircon	p. 266
Dumortierite	p. 267
Carbonates, Borates, Sulfates, and Phosphates	p. 269
Carbonates	p. 269
Calrite	p. 271
Magnesite	p. 272
Siderite	p. 273
Rhodochrosite	p. 274
Dolomite-Ankerite	p. 275
Aragonite	p. 277
Strontianite	p. 278
Witherite	p. 279
Malachite	p. 280
Azurite	p. 280
Borates	p. 281
Borax	p. 281
Colemanite	p. 282
Sulfates	p. 284
Barite	p. 284
Celestine (Celestite)	p. 285
Gypsum	p. 286
Anhydrite	p. 287
Alunite	p. 288
Phosphates	p. 289
Apatite	p. 289
Monazite	p. 292
Xenotime	p. 293
Native Elements, Sulfides, Halides, Oxides, and Hydroxides	p. 295
Native Elements	p. 295
Sulfur	p. 295
Graphite	p. 296
Gold	p. 296
Silver	p. 297
Copper	p. 297
Sulfides and Related Minerals	p. 298
Pyrite	p. 303
Marcasite	p. 305
Sphalerite	p. 305
Galena	p. 306
Pyrrhotite	p. 307
Chakopyrite	p. 307
Halides	p. 308
Halite	p. 308
Sylvite	p. 309
Fluorite	p. 309
Oxides	p. 310
Periclase	p. 310
Cuprite	p. 310
Rutile	p. 311
Anatase	p. 312
Cassiterite	p. 313
Corundum	p. 314
Hematite	p. 315
Ilmenite	p. 316
Perovskite	p. 317
The Spinel Group	p. 318
Spinel Series	p. 318
Magnetite	p. 319
Chromite	p. 320
Chrysoberyl	p. 321
Hydroxides	p. 321
Brucite	p. 321
Gibbsite	p. 322
Diaspore	p. 323
Böhmite (Boehmite)	p. 324
Goethite	p. 325
Lepidocrocite	p. 326
Limonite	p. 327
Sample Preparation	p. 329
Grain Mount	p. 329
Thin Section	p. 329
Spindle Stage	p. 330
Polished Section	p. 331
Identification Tables	p. 333
Mineral Associations	p. 349
Mineral Index	p. 353
Subject Index	p. 357
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