Introduction to Physical Anthropology (with InfoTrac)

, by Jurmain, Robert; Kilgore, Lynn; Trevathan, Wenda

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ISBN: 9780534639020 | 053463902X
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 6/30/2004

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1. Introduction. PART 1: HEREDITY AND EVOLUTION. 2. The Development of Evolutionary Theory. 3. The Biological Basis of Life. 4. Heredity and Evolution. 5. Macroevolution: Processes of Vertebrate and Mammalian Evolution. PART 2: PRIMATES. 6. An Overview of the Primates. 7. Primate Behavior. 8. Primate Models for Human Evolution. PART 3: HOMINID EVOLUTION. 9. Paleoanthropology: Reconstructing Early Hominid Behavior and Ecology. 10. Hominid Origins in Africa. 11. The Earliest Dispersal of the Genus Homo: Homo erectus and Contemporaries. 12. Premodern Humans. 13. Origin and Dispersal of Modern Humans. 14. Modern Human Biology: Patterns of Variation. PART 4: CONTEMPORARY HUMAN EVOLUTION 15. Modern Human Biology: Patterns of Adaptation. 16. Legacies of Human Evolutionary History.

Preface

Supplements

xix

Introduction

(21)

Introduction

(4)

What Is Anthropology?

(1)

Cultural Anthropology

(1)

Archaeology

(1)

Linguistic Anthropology

(1)

Physical Anthropology

(7)

Physical Anthropology and the Scientific Method

(1)

The Anthropology Perspective

(2)

Summary

(1)

Questions for Review

(1)

For Further Thought

(1)

Suggested Further Reading

(1)

Online Anthropology Resource Center

(1)

Issue: Evaluation in Science: Lessons in Critical Thinking

(2)

PART 1 Heredity and Evolution

The Development of Evolutionary Theory

(22)

Introduction

(1)

A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought

(11)

The Scientific Revolution

(1)

Precursors to the Theory of Evolution

(4)

The Discovery of Natural Selection

(4)

Natural Selection

(1)

Natural Selection in Action

(4)

Constraints on Nineteenth-Century Evolutionary Theory

(1)

Opposition to Evolution

(2)

Summary

(1)

For Further Thought

(1)

Questions for Review

(1)

Suggested Further Reading

(1)

Online Anthropology Resource Center

(1)

The Biological Basis of Life

(30)

Introduction

(1)

The Cell

(2)

DNA Structure

(1)

DNA Replication

(1)

Protein Synthesis

(4)

What Is a Gene?

(4)

Mutation: When a Gene Changes

(1)

Chromosomes

(4)

Karyotyping Chromosomes

(1)

Cell Division

(5)

Mitosis

(1)

Meiosis

(3)

The Evolutionary Significance of Meiosis

(1)

Problems with Meiosis

(1)

New Frontiers

(3)

Summary

(1)

For Further Thought

(1)

Questions for Review

(1)

Suggested Further Reading

(1)

Online Anthropology Resource Center

(1)

Issue: Stem Cell Research: Promise and Controversy

(2)

Heredity and Evolution

(33)

Introduction

(1)

The Genetic Principles Discovered by Mendel

(5)

Segregation

(2)

Dominance and Recessiveness

(1)

Independent Assortment

(1)

Mendelian Inheritance in Humans

(8)

Misconceptions Regarding Dominance and Recessiveness

(1)

Patterns of Inheritance

(5)

Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance

(3)

Polygenic Inheritance

(2)

Genetic and Environmental Factors

(1)

Pleiotropy

(1)

Mitochondrial Inheritance

(1)

Modern Evolutionary Theory

(1)

The Modern Synthesis

(1)

Definition of Evolution

(2)

Factors That Produce and Redistribute Variation

(4)

Mutation

(1)

Gene Flow

(1)

Genetic Drift

(1)

Recombination

(1)

Natural Selection Acts on Variation

(2)

Review of Genetics and Evolutionary Factors

100

(2)

Summary

102

(1)

For Further Thought

103

(1)

Questions for Review

103

(1)

Suggested Further Reading

103

(1)

Online Anthropology Resource Center

103

(1)

New Frontiers in Research: Molecular Applications in Forensic Anthropology

104

(3)

Macroevolution: Processes of Vertebrate and Mammalian Evolution

107

(30)

Introduction

108

(1)

The Human Place in the Organic World

108

(2)

Principles of Classification

110

(6)

Constructing Classifications and Interpreting Evolutionary Relationships

111

(5)

Definition of Species

116

(6)

Processes of Speciation

118

(1)

Interpretation of Species and Other Groups in the Fossil Record

119

(3)

Vertebrate Evolutionary History: A Brief Summary

122

(2)

Mammalian Evolution

124

(4)

The Emergence of Major Mammalian Groups

128

(1)

Processes of Macroevolution

129

(3)

Adaptive Radiation

129

(1)

Generalized and Specialized Characteristics

130

(1)

Modes of Evolutionary Change

130

(2)

Summary

132

(1)

For Further Thought

133

(1)

Questions for Review

133

(1)

Suggested Further Reading

133

(1)

Online Anthropology Resource Center

133

(1)

Issue: Just When We Thought Things Couldn't Get Any Worse: Bushmeat and Ebola

134

(3)

PART 2 Primates

An Overview of the Primates

137

(35)

Introduction

138

(1)

Characteristics of Primates

139

(5)

Primate Adaptations

144

(5)

Evolutionary Factors

144

(1)

Geographical Distribution and Habitats

145

(1)

Diet and Teeth

145

(3)

Locomotion

148

(1)

Primate Classification

149

(4)

A Survey of the Living Primates

153

(14)

Prosimians (Lemurs and Lorises)

153

(2)

Tarsiers

155

(1)

Anthropoids (Monkeys, Apes, and Humans)

155

(5)

Hominoids (Apes and Humans)

160

(6)

Humans

166

(1)

Endangered Primates

167

(3)

Summary

170

(1)

Questions for Review

170

(1)

For Further Thought

171

(1)

Suggested Further Reading

171

(1)

Online Anthropology Resource Center

171

(1)

Primate Behavior

172

(28)

Introduction

173

(1)

Primate Field Studies

174

(1)

The Evolution of Behavior

175

(5)

Some Factors That Influence Social Structure

176

(4)

Sympatric Species

180

(2)

Five Monkey Species in the Kibale Forest, Uganda

180

(2)

Why Be Social?

182

(2)

Primate Social Behavior

184

(5)

Dominance

184

(1)

Communication

185

(2)

Aggressive and Affiliative Interactions

187

(2)

Reproduction and Reproductive Strategies

189

(4)

Female and Male Reproductive Strategies

190

(1)

Sexual Selection

191

(1)

Infanticide as a Reproductive Strategy?

191

(2)

Mothers, Fathers, and Infants

193

(3)

Summary

196

(1)

For Further Thought

197

(1)

Questions for Review

197

(1)

Suggested Further Reading

197

(1)

Online Anthropology Resource Center

197

(1)

Issue: Primates in Biomedical Research: Ethics and Concerns

198

(2)

Primate Models for Human Evolution

200

(27)

Introduction

201

(1)

Human Origins and Behavior

202

(1)

Brain and Body Size

203

(4)

Language

207

(6)

The Evolution of Language

210

(3)

Primate Cultural Behavior

213

(3)

Aggressive Interactions Between Groups

216

(3)

Affiliation, Altruism, and Cooperation

219

(1)

Altruism

219

(1)

The Primate Continuum

220

(2)

Summary

222

(1)

Questions for Review

222

(1)

For Further Thought

223

(1)

Suggested Further Reading

223

(1)

Online Anthropology Resource Center

223

(1)

New Frontiers in Research: Molecular Applications in Primatology

224

(3)

PART 3 Hominid Evolution

Paleoanthropology: Reconstructing Early Hominid Behavior and Ecology

227

(29)

Introduction

228

(1)

Definition of Hominid

228

(2)

Biocultural Evolution: The Human Capacity for Culture

230

The Strategy of Paleoanthropology

222

(12)

Paleoanthropology in Action---Olduvai Gorge

234

(2)

Dating Methods

236

(4)

Applications of Dating Methods: Examples from Olduvai

239

(1)

Excavations at Olduvai

240

(3)

Experimental Archaeology

243

(3)

Stone Tool (Lithic) Technology

244

(1)

Analysis of Bone

245

(1)

Reconstruction of Early Hominid Environments and Behavior

246

(6)

Environmental Explanations for Hominid Origins

246

(2)

Why Did Hominids Become Bipedal?

248

(4)

Summary

252

(1)

For Further Thought

253

(1)

Questions for Review

253

(1)

Suggested Further Reading

253

(1)

Online Anthropology Resource Center

253

(1)

Issue: The Piltdown Caper: Who Dunnit?

254

(2)

Hominid Origins in Africa

256

(42)

Introduction

257

(1)

Early Primate Evolution

257

(3)

Miocene Fossil Hominoids

260

(2)

The Bipedal Adaptation

262

(5)

Early Hominids from Africa (Pre-Australopithecus Finds)

267

(4)

Earliest Traces

267

(2)

Ardipithecus from Aramis (Ethiopia)

269

(2)

Australopithecus from East Africa

271

(7)

Australopithecus afarensis from Laetoli and Hadar

272

(3)

Another East African Hominid

275

(1)

Later East African Australopithecine Finds

275

(1)

Australopithecines from Olduvai and Lake Turkana

276

(2)

Early Homo

278

(3)

South African Sites

281

(10)

Earliest Discoveries

281

(2)

Further Discoveries of South African Hominids

283

(1)

Review of Hominids from South Africa

284

(4)

Geology and Dating Problems in South Africa

288

(3)

Interpretations: What Does It All Mean?

291

(3)

Continuing Uncertainties---Taxonomic Issues

291

(2)

Putting It All Together

293

(1)

Adaptive Patterns of Early African Hominids

294

(2)

Summary

296

(1)

For Further Thought

297

(1)

Questions for Review

297

(1)

Suggested Further Reading

297

(1)

Online Anthropology Resource Center

297

(1)

The Earliest Dispersal of the Genus Homo: Homo erectus and Contemporaries

298

(31)

Introduction

299

(1)

A New Kind of Hominid

299

(3)

The Morphology of Homo erectus

302

(3)

Brain Size

302

(1)

Body Size

303

(1)

Cranial Shape

303

(1)

Dentition

303

(2)

Who Were the Earliest African Emigrants?

305

(2)

The Dmanisi Hominids

306

(1)

Historical Overview of Homo erectus Discoveries

307

(11)

Java

307

(1)

Homo erectus from Java

308

(1)

Peking (Beijing)

309

(1)

Zhoukoudian Homo erectus

309

(3)

Other Chinese Sites

312

(2)

East Africa

314

(1)

Summary of East African H. erectus/ergaster

315

(2)

South Africa

317

(1)

North Africa

317

(1)

Europe

317

(1)

Technological and Population Trends in Homo erectus

318

(3)

Technological trends

318

(3)

Population Trends

321

(1)

Interpretations of Homo erectus: Continuing Uncertainties

321

(2)

Summary

323

(1)

Questions for Review

324

(1)

For Further Thought

325

(1)

Suggested Further Reading

325

(1)

Online Anthropology Resource Center

325

(1)

Issue: Man, the Hunter; Woman, the Gatherer?

326

(3)

Premodern Humans

329

(36)

Introduction

330

(1)

When, Where, and What

330

(3)

The Pleistocene

330

(2)

Dispersal of Middle Pleistocene Hominids

332

(1)

Middle Pleistocene Hominids: Terminology

332

(1)

Premodern Humans of the Middle Pleistocene

333

(5)

Africa

333

(3)

Europe

336

(1)

Asia

337

(1)

A Review of Middle Pleistocene Evolution

338

(1)

Middle Pleistocene Culture

338

(3)

Neandertals: Premodern Humans of the Upper Pleistocene

341

(10)

France and Spain

344

(4)

Central Europe

348

(1)

Western Asia

349

(1)

Central Asia

350

(1)

Culture of Neandertals

351

(4)

Technology

351

(1)

Settlements

351

(1)

Subsistence

351

(1)

Symbolic Behavior

352

(2)

Burials

354

(1)

Genetic Evidence

355

(1)

Trends in Human Evolution: Understanding Premodern Humans

355

(5)

Summary

360

(1)

For Further Thought

361

(1)

Questions for Review

361

(1)

Suggested Further Reading

362

(1)

Online Anthropology Resource Center

362

(1)

New Frontiers in Research: Ancient DNA

363

(2)

The Origin and Dispersal of Modern Humans

365

(30)

Introduction

366

(1)

Approaches to Understanding Modern Human Origins

367

(5)

The Complete Replacement Model (Recent African Evolution)

367

(2)

Partial Replacement Models

369

(2)

The Regional Continuity Model (Multiregional Evolution)

371

(1)

The Earliest Discoveries of Modern Humans

372

(9)

Africa

372

(3)

The Near East

375

(1)

Central Europe

376

(1)

Western Europe

377

(1)

Asia

378

(1)

Australia

378

(3)

Technology and Art in the Upper Paleolithic

381

(8)

Europe

381

(7)

Africa

388

(1)

Summary of Upper Paleolithic Culture

389

(2)

Summary

391

(1)

For Further Thought

392

(1)

Questions for Review

392

(1)

Suggested Further Reading

392

(1)

Online Anthropology Resource Center

392

(1)

Issue: The Evolution of Language

393

(2)

PART 4 Contemporary Human Evolution

Modern Human Biology: Patterns of Variation

395

(27)

Introduction

396

(1)

Historical Views of Human Variation

396

(2)

The Concept of Race

398

(3)

Racism

401

(1)

Intelligence

402

(1)

Contemporary Interpretations of Human Variation

403

(6)

Human Polymorphisms

403

(2)

Patterns of Polymorphic Variation

405

(1)

Polymorphisms at the DNA Level

406

(3)

Population Genetics

409

(5)

Calculating Allele Frequencies

412

(2)

Evolution in Action: Modern Human Populations

414

(2)

Nonrandom Mating

415

(1)

Human Biocultural Evolution

416

(2)

Summary

418

(1)

For Further Thought

419

(1)

Questions for Review

419

(1)

Suggested Further Reading

419

(1)

Online Anthropology Resource Center

419

(1)

New Frontiers in Research: Molecular Applications in Modern Human Biology

420

(2)

Modern Human Biology: Patterns of Adaptation

422

(24)

Introduction

423

(1)

The Adaptive Significance of Human Variation

423

(12)

Solar Radiation and Skin Color

424

(6)

The Thermal Environment

430

(3)

High Altitude

433

(2)

Infectious Disease

435

(7)

The Continuing Impact of Infectious Disease

438

(4)

Summary

442

(1)

For Further Thought

443

(1)

Questions for Review

443

(1)

Suggested Further Reading

443

(1)

Online Anthropology Resource Center

443

(1)

Issue: Racial Purity: A False and Dangerous Ideology

444

(2)

Legacies of Human Evolutionary History

446

(26)

Introduction

447

(1)

Evolution of Human Behavior and the Life Course

448

(2)

Biocultural Evolution and the Life Cycle

450

(11)

Growth in Infancy and Childhood

452

(2)

Nutritional Effects on Growth and Development

454

(3)

Onset of Reproductive Functioning in Humans

457

(3)

Human Longevity

460

(1)

Human Impact on the Planet and Other Life Forms

461

(5)

Overpopulation

462

(1)

Impact on Biodiversity

463

(2)

Acceleration of Evolutionary Processes

465

(1)

Is There Any Good News?

466

(2)

Are We Still Evolving?

468

(2)

Summary

470

(1)

Questions for Review

470

(1)

For Further Thought

471

(1)

Suggested Further Reading

471

(1)

Online Anthropology Resource Center

471

(1)

Appendix A: Atlas of Primate Skeletal Anatomy

472

(8)

Appendix B: Summary of Early Hominid Fossil Finds from Africa

480

(5)

Appendix C: Population Genetics: The Math of Microevolution

485

(6)

Glossary

491

(10)

Bibliography

501

(25)

Photo Credits

526

(2)

Index

528

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Introduction to Physical Anthropology (with InfoTrac)

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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Introduction to Physical Anthropology (with InfoTrac)

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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