Introduction to Tribology

Coverage of critical cutting-edge topics including MEMS, nanotribology and magnetic surface storage technologies. * Integrates the knowledge of tribology from mechanical engineering, mechanics, and materials science points of view. * Covers both the underlying theory and the current applications of tribology to industry.

BHARAT BHUSHAN, PhD, DSc (Hon.), is an Ohio Eminent Scholar and Howard D. Winbigler Professor at The Ohio State University in Columbus, where he also serves as Director of the Nanotribology Laboratory for Information Storage and MEMS/NEMS (NLIM).

Foreword.

Preface.

1 Introduction.

1.1 De.nition and History of Tribology.

1.2 Industrial Signi.cance of Tribology.

1.3 Origins and Signi.cance of Micro/Nanotribology.

1.4 Organization of the Book.

References.

2 Solid Surface Characterization.

2.1 The Nature of Surfaces.

2.2 Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Surface Layers.

2.2.1 Deformed Layer.

2.2.2 Beilby Layer.

2.2.3 Chemically Reacted Layer.

2.2.4 Physisorbed Layer.

2.2.5 Chemisorbed Layer.

2.2.6 Methods of Characterization of Surface Layers.

2.3 Analysis of Surface Roughness.

2.3.1 Average Roughness Parameters.

2.3.2 Statistical Analyses.

2.3.3 Fractal Characterization.

2.3.4 Practical Considerations in Measurement of Roughness Parameters.

2.4 Measurement of Surface Roughness.

2.4.1 Mechanical Stylus Method.

2.4.2 Optical Methods.

2.4.3 Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) Methods.

2.4.4 Fluid Methods.

2.4.5 Electrical Method.

2.4.6 Electron Microscopy Methods.

2.4.7 Analysis of Measured Height Distribution.

2.4.8 Comparison of Measurement Methods.

2.5 Closure.

References.

Suggested Reading.

3 Contact between Solid Surfaces.

3.1 Introduction.

3.2 Analysis of the Contacts.

3.2.1 Single Asperity Contact of Homogeneous and Frictionless Solids.

3.2.2 Single Asperity Contact of Layered Solids in Frictionless and Frictional Contacts.

3.2.3 Multiple Asperity Dry Contacts.

3.3 Measurement of the Real Area of Contact.

3.3.1 Measurement Techniques.

3.3.2 Typical Measurements.

3.4 Closure.

References.

Suggested Reading.

4 Adhesion.

4.1 Introduction.

4.2 Solid-Solid Contact.

4.2.1 Covalent Bond.

4.2.2 Ionic or Electrostatic Bond.

4.2.3 Metallic Bond.

4.2.4 van der Waals Bond.

4.2.5 Free Surface Energy Theory of Adhesion.

4.2.6 Polymer Adhesion.

4.3 Liquid-Mediated Contact.

4.3.1 Idealized Geometries.

4.3.2 Multiple-Asperity Contacts.

4.4 Closure.

References.

Suggested Reading.

5 Friction.

5.1 Introduction.

5.2 Solid-Solid Contact.

5.2.1 Rules of Sliding Friction.

5.2.2 Basic Mechanisms of Sliding Friction.

5.2.3 Other Mechanisms of Sliding Friction.

5.2.4 Friction Transitions during Sliding.

5.2.5 Static Friction.

5.2.6 Stick-Slip.

5.2.7 Rolling Friction.

5.3 Liquid-Mediated Contact.

5.4 Friction of Materials.

5.4.1 Friction of Metals and Alloys.

5.4.2 Friction of Ceramics.

5.4.3 Friction of Polymers.

5.4.4 Friction of Solid Lubricants.

5.5 Closure.

References.

Suggested Reading.

6 Interface Temperature of Sliding Surfaces.

6.1 Introduction.

6.2 Thermal Analysis.

6.2.1 Fundamental Heat Conduction Solutions.

6.2.2 High Contact-Stress Condition (Ar/Aa∼1) (Individual Contact).

6.2.3 Low Contact-Stress Condition (Multiple-Asperity Contact).

6.3 Interface Temperature Measurements.

6.3.1 Thermocouple and Thin-Film Temperature Sensors.

6.3.2 Radiation Detection Techniques.

6.3.3 Metallographic Techniques.

6.3.4 Liquid Crystals.

6.4 Closure.

References.

7 Wear.

7.1 Introduction.

7.2 Types of Wear Mechanisms.

7.2.1 Adhesive Wear.

7.2.2 Abrasive Wear (by Plastic Deformation and Fracture).

7.2.3 Fatigue Wear.

7.2.4 Impact Wear.

7.2.5 Chemical (Corrosive) Wear.

7.2.6 Electrical-Arc-Induced Wear.

7.2.7 Fretting and Fretting Corrosion.

7.3 Types of Particles Present in Wear Debris.

7.3.1 Plate-Shaped Particles.

7.3.2 Ribbon-Shaped Particles.

7.3.3 Spherical Particles.

7.3.4 Irregular-Shaped Particles.

7.4 Wear of Materials.

7.4.1 Wear of Metals and Alloys.

7.4.2 Wear of Ceramics.

7.4.3 Wear of Polymers.

7.5 Closure.

References.

Suggested Reading.

8 Fluid Film Lubrication.

8.1 Introduction.

8.2 Regimes of Fluid Film Lubrication.

8.2.1 Hydrostatic Lubrication.

8.2.2 Hydrodynamic Lubrication.

8.2.3 Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication.

8.2.4 Mixed Lubrication.

8.2.5 Boundary Lubrication.

8.3 Viscous Flow and Reynolds Equation.

8.3.1 Viscosity and Newtonian Fluids.

8.3.2 Fluid Flow.

8.4 Hydrostatic Lubrication.

8.5 Hydrodynamic Lubrication.

8.5.1 Thrust Bearings.

8.5.2 Journal Bearings.

8.5.3 Squeeze Film Bearings.

8.5.4 Gas-Lubricated Bearings.

8.6 Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication.

8.6.1 Forms of Contacts.

8.6.2 Line Contact.

8.6.3 Point Contact. 8.6.4 Thermal Correction.

8.6.5 Lubricant Rheology.

8.7 Closure.

References.

Suggested Reading.

9 Boundary Lubrication and Lubricants.

9.1 Introduction.

9.2 Boundary Lubrication.

9.2.1 Effect of Adsorbed Gases.

9.2.2 Effect of Monolayers and Multilayers.

9.2.3 Effect of Chemical Films.

9.2.4 Effect of Chain Length (or Molecular Weight).

9.3 Liquid Lubricants.

9.3.1 Principal Classes of Lubricants.

9.3.2 Physical and Chemical Properties of Lubricants.

9.3.3 Additives.

9.4 Greases.

9.5 Closure.

References.

Suggested Reading.

10 Micro/Nanotribology.

10.1 Introduction.

10.2 SFA Studies.

10.2.1 Description of an SFA.

10.2.2 Static (Equilibrium), Dynamic, and Shear Properties of Molecularly Thin Liquid Films.

10.3 AFM/FFM.

10.3.1 Description of AFM/FFM.

10.3.2 Friction and Adhesion.

10.3.3 Scratching, Wear, Local Deformation, and Fabrication/Machining.

10.3.4 Indentation.

10.3.5 Boundary Lubrication.

10.4 Atomic-Scale Simulations.

10.4.1 Interatomic Forces and Equations of Motion.

10.4.2 Interfacial Solid Junctions.

10.4.3 Interfacial Liquid Junctions and Confined Films.

10.5 Closure.

References.

Suggested Reading.

11 Friction and Wear Screening Test Methods.

11.1 Introduction.

11.2 Design Methodology.

11.2.1 Simulation.

11.2.2 Acceleration.

11.2.3 Specimen Preparation.

11.2.4 Friction and Wear Measurements.

11.3 Typical Test Geometries.

11.3.1 Sliding Friction and Wear Tests.

11.3.2 Abrasion Tests.

11.3.3 Rolling-Contact Fatigue Tests.

11.3.4 Solid-Particle Erosion Test.

11.3.5 Corrosion Tests.

11.4 Closure.

References.

Suggested Reading.

12Tribological Components and Applications.

12.1 Introduction.

12.2 Common Tribological Components.

12.2.1 Sliding-Contact Bearings.

12.2.2 Rolling-Contact Bearings.

12.2.3 Seals.

12.2.4 Gears.

12.2.5 Cams and Tappets.

12.2.6 Piston Rings.

12.2.7 Electrical Brushes.

12.3 Microcomponents.

12.4 Material Processing.

12.4.1 Cutting Tools.

12.4.2 Grinding and Lapping.

12.4.3 Forming Processes.

12.4.4 Cutting Fluids.

12.5 Industrial Applications.

12.5.1 Automotive Engines.

12.5.2 Gas Turbine Engines.

12.5.3 Railroads.

12.5.4 Magnetic Storage Devices.

12.6 Closure.

References.

Suggested Reading.

Problems.

Appendix Units, Conversions, and Useful Relations.

A.1 Fundamental Constants.

A.2 Conversion of Units.

A.3 Useful Relations.

Index

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Introduction to Tribology

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials