Investing All-in-One For Dummies

Make the most of your investment portfolio with a mix of assets from stocks to real estate to cryptocurrency

There’s nothing more satisfying than seeing the balance of a financial account grow month over month. But before that can happen, you need to know the best places to invest your money. Who can you trust for solid, reliable investing advice?

Investing All-in-One For Dummies offers sound guidance for investors at every level. Whether you’re stumped by stocks, baffled by bonds, mystified about mutual funds, or curious about cryptocurrency, this book gives you a solid foundation in those investing concepts and many others. After reading the expert advice and considering your risk tolerance and timeline, you can confidently choose the best investments for your financial goals.

Containing advice from 10 different Dummies investing guides, Investing All-in-One For Dummies shows you how to:

• Set short- and long-term investing goals, invest to minimize your tax hit, and develop an investing strategy using a mix of investment vehicles
• Decide when to buy, hold, or sell an investment
• Choose the right mix of stocks, bonds, and mutual funds to create a diversified portfolio
• Identify real estate investment opportunities and find the capital to make purchases
• Execute trades through an online broker instead of using a traditional investment firm
• Evaluate modern investing trends like cryptocurrency and environmental, social, and governance (ESG) investing

For anyone who wants to dip their toes into the markets or who tends to leave their investment decisions in the hands of someone else, Investing All-in-One For Dummies is the must-read resource when you’re ready to make informed decisions and pick solid investments for your financial future.

Eric Tyson is a veteran Dummies author of numerous bestselling books in the investing and personal finance space.

Paul Mladjenovic is a Certified Financial Planner and the bestselling author of Stock Investing For Dummies.

Kiana Danial is an investment consultant and trainer and the author of Cryptocurrency Investing For Dummies.

Russell Wild is the author or coauthor of nearly two dozen books, including ETFs For Dummies.

Matt Krantz is a nationally known financial journalist and the author of Online Investing For Dummies.

Robert Griswold is a successful real estate investor and property manager and the co-author of Real Estate Investing For Dummies.

Steven Gormley is a celebrated expert in the legal marijuana sector and author of Investing in Cannabis For Dummies.

Brendan Bradley is a financial market professional and the author of ESG Investing For Dummies.

Introduction 1

About This Book 1

Foolish Assumptions 2

Icons Used in This Book 3

Beyond the Book 3

Where to Go from Here 3

Book 1: Getting Started With Investing 5

Chapter 1: Exploring Your Investment Choices 7

Getting Started with Investing 8

Building Wealth with Ownership Investments 9

Entering the stock market 10

Owning real estate 10

Generating Income from Lending Investments 12

Considering Cash Equivalents 13

Choosing Where to Invest and Get Advice 14

Finding the best fund companies and brokers 14

Finding an acceptable advisor 15

Chapter 2: Weighing Risks and Returns 17

Evaluating Risks 18

Market-value risk 19

Individual-investment risk 24

Purchasing-power risk (also known as inflation risk) 26

Career risk 27

Analyzing Returns 28

The components of total return 28

Savings and money market account returns 30

Bond returns 31

Stock returns 32

Real estate returns 34

Compounding Your Returns 34

The value of getting a few extra percent 35

Considering your goals 36

Chapter 3: The Workings of Stock and Bond Markets 37

How Companies Raise Money through the Financial Markets 37

Deciding whether to issue stocks or bonds 38

Taking a company public: Understanding IPOs 39

Understanding Financial Markets and Economics 40

Driving stock prices through earnings 40

Weighing whether markets are efficient 41

Moving the market: Interest rates, inflation, and the Federal Reserve 43

BOOK 2: Investing In Your 20S And 30S 49

Chapter 1: Using Investments to Accomplish Your Goals 51

Setting and Prioritizing Your Shorter-Term Goals 51

Accumulating a rainy-day fund 52

Saving for large purchases 53

Investing for a small business or home 53

Saving for kids’ higher educational costs 54

Investing short-term money 55

Investing in Retirement Accounts 55

Understanding retirement account perks 56

Grappling with retirement account concerns 56

Taking advantage of retirement accounts 58

Surveying retirement account choices 58

Selecting retirement account investments 60

Chapter 2: Minimizing Your Taxes When Investing 61

Understanding Investment Taxes 62

Tracking taxation of investment distributions 62

Determining your tax bracket 63

Devising tax-reduction strategies 64

Reducing Your Taxes When Selling Investments 65

Weighing nontax issues 66

Tuning in to tax considerations 67

Chapter 3: Laying Out Your Financial Plans 71

First Priorities: Paying Off High-Cost Debt and Building a Safety Reserve 71

Paying off high-cost consumer debt 72

Establishing an emergency reserve 72

What about Paying Down Other Debts? 73

Assessing student loans 73

Considering paying down mortgage debt 75

Sorting Out Your Financial Plans 76

Considering your investment options and desires 76

Assessing your savings rate 77

Investing regularly with dollar cost averaging 78

Knowing the Impact of Investing for College Costs 79

Paying for college 80

Considering educational savings account options 82

Investing money earmarked for college 82

Securing Proper Insurance 83

Chapter 4: Starting Out with Bank and Credit Union Accounts 85

Understanding FDIC Bank Insurance 86

Investing in Banking Account and Savings Vehicles 86

Bank checking accounts and debit cards 87

Savings accounts and certificates of deposit 88

Negotiating with Bankers 89

Feeling Secure with Your Bank 90

Evaluating any bank 90

Protecting yourself when banking online 91

Exploring Alternatives to Bank Accounts 93

Credit union accounts and benefits 93

Brokerage cash management accounts 94

Money market mutual funds 95

Book 3: Checking Out Stock Investing 97

Chapter 1: Gathering Information on Stocks 99

Looking to Stock Exchanges for Answers 100

Grasping the Basics of Accounting and Economics 101

Accounting for taste and a whole lot more 101

Understanding how economics affects stocks 102

Staying on Top of Financial News 105

Figuring out what a company’s up to 106

Discovering what’s new with an industry 106

Knowing what’s happening with the economy 107

Seeing what politicians and government bureaucrats are doing 107

Checking for trends in society, culture, and entertainment 108

Reading (And Understanding) Stock Tables 108

52-week high 109

52-week low 109

Name and symbol 110

Dividend 110

Volume 110

Yield 112

P/E 112

Day last 113

Net change 113

Using News about Dividends 113

Looking at important dates 114

Understanding why certain dates matter 115

Evaluating Investment Tips 116

Chapter 2: Investing for Long-Term Growth 117

Becoming a Value-Oriented Growth Investor 118

Choosing Growth Stocks with a Few Handy Tips 119

Looking for leaders in megatrends 120

Comparing a company’s growth to an industry’s growth 120

Considering a company with a strong niche 121

Checking out a company’s fundamentals 121

Evaluating a company’s management 122

Noticing who’s buying and/or recommending a company’s stock 124

Making sure a company continues to do well 125

Heeding investing lessons from history 125

Chapter 3: Investing for Income and Cash Flow 127

Understanding the Basics of Income Stocks 128

Getting a grip on dividends and dividend rates 128

Recognizing who’s well-suited for income stocks 129

Assessing the advantages of income stocks 129

Heeding the disadvantages of income stocks 130

Analyzing Income Stocks 132

Pinpointing your needs first 132

Checking out yield 133

Looking at a stock’s payout ratio 135

Studying a company’s bond rating 136

Diversifying your stocks 136

Exploring Some Typical Income Stocks 137

It’s electric! Utilities 137

An interesting mix: Real estate investment trusts (REITs) 138

Business development companies (BDCs) 139

Chapter 4: Using Basic Accounting to Choose Winning Stocks 141

Recognizing Value When You See It 142

Understanding different types of value 142

Putting the pieces together 144

Accounting for Value 146

Breaking down the balance sheet 146

Looking at the income statement 149

Tooling around with ratios 153

Book 4: Looking At Bond Investing 159

Chapter 1: Bond Fundamentals 161

Understanding What Makes a Bond a Bond 161

Choosing your time frame 162

Picking who you trust to hold your money 163

Differentiating among bonds, stocks, and collectibles 164

Why Hold Bonds? 164

Identifying the best reason to buy bonds: Diversification 164

Going for the cash 165

Introducing the Major Players in the Bond Market 166

Buying Solo or Buying in Bulk 168

Picking and choosing individual bonds 168

Going with a bond fund or funds 168

The Triumphs and Failures of Fixed-Income Investing 169

Beating inflation, but not by very much 169

Saving the day when the day needed saving 170

Gleaning some important lessons 171

Realizing How Crucial Bonds Are Today 173

Viewing Recent Developments, Largely for the Better 174

Chapter 2: All about the Interest 177

The Tricky Business That Is Calculating Rates of Return 178

Cutting deals 178

Changing hands 179

Embracing the complications 179

Measuring the Desirability of a Bond 180

Level one: Getting the basic information 180

Level two: Finding out intimate details 182

Level three: Examining the neighborhood 184

Understanding Yield 186

Coupon yield 187

Current yield 187

Yield-to-maturity 187

Yield-to-call 188

Worst-case basis yield 189

The 30-day SEC yield 189

Recognizing Total Return (This Is What Matters Most!) 190

Figuring in capital gains and losses 190

Factoring in reinvestment rates of return 191

Allowing for inflation adjustments 191

Pretax versus post-tax 192

Measuring the Volatility of Your Bond Holdings 192

Time frame matters most 193

Quality counts 193

The coupon rate matters, too 193

Returning to the Bonds of Babylonia 195

Chapter 3: Checking Out Types of Bonds 197

Exploring the Many Ways of Investing with Uncle Sam 197

Savings bonds 198

Treasury bills, notes, and bonds 199

Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities (TIPS) 200

Industrial Returns: Corporate Bonds 201

Comparing corporate bonds to Treasuries 202

The crucial credit ratings 202

Special considerations for investing in corporate debt 203

The volatility of high-yield bonds 204

Lots of Protection, a Touch of Confusion: Agency Bonds 205

Identifying the bond issuers 205

Sizing up the government’s actual commitment 206

Eyeing default risks, yields, markups, and more 207

Weighing taxation matters 207

Banking Your Money on Other People’s Mortgages 208

Bathing in the mortgage pool 208

Deciding whether to invest in the housing market 208

(Almost) Tax-Free Havens: Municipal Bonds 209

Sizing up the muni market 209

Comparing and contrasting with other bonds 210

Delighting in the diversification of municipals 210

Choosing from a vast array of possibilities 211

Chapter 4: Investing (Carefully!) in Individual Bonds 213

Navigating Today’s Individual Bond Market 213

Getting some welcome transparency 214

Ushering in a new beginning 214

Dealing with Brokers and Other Financial Professionals 215

Identifying the role of the middleman 216

Do you need a broker or agent at all? 216

Selecting the right broker or agent 217

Checking the dealer’s numbers 218

Hiring a financial planner 218

Doing It Yourself Online 219

If you’re looking to buy 220

If you’re looking to sell 221

Perfecting the Art of Laddering 222

Protecting you from interest rate flux 223

Tinkering with your time frame 223

Chapter 5: Picking a Bond Fund That Will Serve You for Life 225

Defining the Basic Kinds of Funds 226

Mining mutual funds 226

Considering an alternative: Closed-end funds 227

Establishing a position in exchange-traded funds 228

Understanding unit investment trusts 228

Taking a flyer (or not) on an exchange-traded note 229

What Matters Most in Choosing a Bond Fund of Any Sort 230

Selecting your fund based on its components and their characteristics 230

Pruning out the underperformers 230

Laying down the law on loads 231

Sniffing out false promises 231

Book 5: Moving On to Mutual Funds and Exchange-Traded Funds 233

Chapter 1: Considering Mutual Funds’ Pros and Cons 235

Introducing Mutual Funds and Exchange-Traded Funds 236

Getting a Grip on Funds 237

Financial intermediaries 238

Open-end versus closed-end funds 238

Opting for Mutual Funds 240

Fund managers offer expertise 240

Funds save you money and time 243

Fund diversification minimizes your risk 244

Funds undergo regulatory scrutiny 245

You choose your risk level 245

Fund risk of bankruptcy is nil 245

Funds save you from sales sharks 246

You have convenient access to your money 247

Addressing the Drawbacks 248

Don’t worry about these 248

Worry about these (but not too much) 249

Chapter 2: Finding the Best Mutual Funds 251

Evaluating Gain-Eating Costs 252

Losing the load: Say no to commissions 252

Considering a fund’s operating expenses 257

Weighing Performance and Risk 260

Star today, also-ran tomorrow 260

Apples to apples: Comparing performance numbers 264

Recognizing Manager Expertise 265

Chapter 3: Buying Mutual Funds from the Best Firms 267

Finding the Best Buys 267

The Vanguard Group 268

Fidelity Investments 269

Dodge & Cox 271

Oakmark 271

T Rowe Price 271

TIAA 272

USAA 272

Other fund companies 272

Discount Brokers: Mutual Fund Supermarkets 273

Buying direct versus discount brokers 274

Debunking “No Transaction Fee” funds 275

Using the best discount brokers 277

Places to Pass By 277

Chapter 4: What the Heck Is an ETF, Anyway? 279

The Nature of the Beast 280

Choosing between the Classic and the New Indexes 281

Preferring ETFs over Individual Stocks 282

Distinguishing ETFs from Mutual Funds 283

Why the Big Boys Prefer ETFs 284

Trading in large lots 284

Savoring the versatility 284

Why Individual Investors Are Learning to Love ETFs 286

The cost advantage: How low can you go? 286

Uncle Sam’s loss, your gain 289

What you see is what you get 291

Getting the Professional Edge 293

Passive versus Active Investing: Your Choice 294

The index advantage 295

The allure of active management 296

Why the race is getting harder to measure and what to do about it 297

Do ETFs Belong in Your Life? 297

Calculating commissions 297

Moving money in a flash 298

Understanding tracking error 298

Making a sometimes tricky choice 298

Chapter 5: Risk Control, Diversification, and Other Things to Know about ETFs 301

Risk Is Not Just a Board Game 302

The trade-off of all trade-offs (safety versus return) 302

So just how risky are ETFs? 303

Smart Risk, Foolish Risk 304

How Risk Is Measured 306

Standard deviation: The king of all risk measurement tools 306

Beta: Assessing price swings in relation to the market 308

Mixing and Matching Your Stock ETFs 309

Filling in your style box 309

Buying by industry sector 310

Don’t slice and dice your portfolio to death 311

Book 6: Investing Online 313

Chapter 1: Getting Ready for Online Investing 315

Why Investing Online Is Worth Your While 316

Getting Started 317

Gut-Check Time: How Much Risk Can You Take? 320

Passive or Active? Deciding What Kind of Investor You Plan to Be 321

How to know if you’re a passive investor 321

Sites for passive investors to start with 322

How to know whether you’re an active investor 322

Sites for the active investor to start with 324

Chapter 2: Getting Your Device Ready for Online Investing 325

Turning Your Device into a Trading Station 326

Using favorites to put data at your fingertips 327

Putting key mobile apps a touch away 328

Compiling a list of must-watch sites 329

Tracking the Market’s Every Move 329

Getting price quotes on markets and stocks 330

Slicing and dicing the markets 331

Your crystal ball: Predicting how the day will begin 332

Getting company descriptions 333

Keeping tabs on commodities 333

Tracking bonds and U.S Treasuries 334

Monitoring Market-Moving News 335

Financial websites 335

Traditional financial news sites 336

Checking In on Wall Street Chatter 338

Everyone is an expert: Finding blogs 338

Getting in tune with podcasts 340

Taming Twitter 341

Keeping Tabs on the Regulators 341

Searching the Internet High and Low 343

Keeping the Bad Guys Out: Securing Your PC 343

Mastering the Basics with Online Tutorials and Simulations 345

Online tutorials 345

Simulations 346

Chapter 3: Connecting with an Online Broker 347

Finding the Best Broker for You 348

The nine main factors to consider 348

Gotchas to watch out for 350

Separating the Types of Brokerages 350

Paying the minimum with a deep discounter 351

Getting more with a discounter 353

Full-service traditional 357

Avoiding Hidden Fees 359

Finding Out What Reviewers Think 360

Is Your Money Safe? Checking Out Your Broker 362

Cutting the Cord: Mobile Trading 363

Pay Attention to Where Your Cash Is Parked: Money Market Funds 365

Buying Stocks and Mutual Funds without a Broker 366

Stocks: Direct investments 366

Mutual funds: Straight from the mutual fund company 367

Opening and Setting Up Your Account 368

The checklist of what you need to know 368

The checklist of what you need to have 369

Chapter 4: Entering and Executing Trades 371

Understanding How Stock Trades and Shares Are Handled 372

Ways you can hold your investments 372

A second in the life of a trade 377

Getting It Done: Executing Your Trades 378

Surveying types of orders 378

Checking out costs of different orders 380

Tailoring your trades even more 380

Book 7: Introducing Fundamental Analysis 383

Chapter 1: Understanding Fundamental Analysis 385

Why Bother with Fundamental Analysis? 386

Some of the real values of fundamental analysis 386

Driving home an example 387

Putting fundamental analysis to work 388

Knowing what fundamentals to look for 389

Knowing what you need 390

Knowing the Tools of the Fundamental Analysis Trade 391

Staying focused on the bottom line 391

Sizing up what a company has to its name 391

Burn, baby, burn: Cash burn 392

Financial ratios: Your friend in making sense of a company 392

Making Fundamental Analysis Work For You 393

Using fundamentals as signals to buy or sell 393

The perils of ignoring the fundamentals 393

Using fundamental analysis as your guide 394

Chapter 2: Getting Up to Speed with Fundamental Analysis 395

What Is Fundamental Analysis? 396

Going beyond betting 396

Understanding how fundamental analysis works 398

Knowing who can perform fundamental analysis 399

Following the money using fundamentals 401

Comparing Fundamental Analysis with Other Ways of Picking Investments 402

How fundamental analysis stacks up against index investing 402

Comparing fundamental analysis with technical analysis 403

Putting Fundamental Analysis to Work For You 404

How difficult is fundamental analysis? Do you need to be a math wizard? 405

Is fundamental analysis for you? 405

The risks of fundamental analysis 406

Making Money with Fundamental Analysis 407

Putting a price tag on a stock or bond 407

Being profitable by being a “contrarian” 408

The Fundamental Analysis Toolbox 408

Introducing the income statement 409

Balance-sheet basics 409

Getting the mojo of cash flows 409

Familiarizing yourself with financial ratios (including the P-E) 410

Chapter 3: Gaining an Edge with Fundamental Analysis 413

Better Investing with Fundamentals 414

Picking stocks for fundamental reasons 414

Dooming your portfolio by paying too much 418

Sitting through short-term volatility 419

Relying on the Basic Info the Pros Use 420

What is “the Warren Buffett Way”? 421

Checking in on Graham and Dodd 423

Figuring Out When to Buy or Sell a Stock 424

Looking beyond the per-share price 425

Seeing how a company’s fundamentals and its price may get out of alignment 426

Avoiding overhyped “story stocks” 427

Pairing buy-and-hold strategies with fundamental analysis 428

Looking to the long term 429

Knowing that patience isn’t always a virtue 430

Chapter 4: Getting Your Hands on Fundamental Data 431

Getting in Sync with the Fundamental Calendar 432

Which companies must report their financials to the public? 432

Kicking it all off: Earnings season 433

Getting the earnings press release 434

Bracing for the 10-Q 435

Running through the 10-K 437

Flipping through the annual report 438

There’s no proxy like the proxy statement 439

Getting Up to Speed with Basic Accounting and Math 440

Operating activities: Finding smooth operators 441

Investing activities: You have to spend money to make money 441

Financing activities: Getting in tune with high finance 442

Undestanding a key fundamental math skill: Percentage changes 443

Knowing How to Get the Fundamental Data You Need 444

Getting acquainted with the SEC’s database 444

Accessing company fundamentals using EDGAR 444

Finding stocks’ dividend histories 445

Getting stock-split information 446

Book 8: Investing In Real Estate 449

Chapter 1: Evaluating Real Estate as an Investment 451

Understanding Real Estate’s Income- and Wealth-Producing Potential 452

Recognizing the Caveats of Real Estate Investing 454

Comparing Real Estate to Other Investments 455

Returns 456

Risk 456

Liquidity 457

Capital requirements 457

Diversification value 458

Opportunities to add value 458

Being aware of the tax advantages 458

Determining Whether You Should Invest in Real Estate 462

Do you have sufficient time? 463

Can you deal with problems? 463

Does real estate interest you? 463

Can you handle market downturns? 464

Fitting Real Estate into Your Plans 465

Ensuring your best personal financial health 465

Protecting yourself with insurance 466

Considering retirement account funding 466

Thinking about asset allocation 467

Chapter 2: Covering Common Real Estate Investments 469

Identifying the Various Ways to Invest in Residential Income Property 470

Buying a place of your own 470

Converting your home to a rental 471

Investing and living in well-situated fixer-uppers 472

Purchasing a vacation home 473

Paying for timeshares and condo hotels 475

Surveying the Types of Residential Properties You Can Buy 478

Single-family homes 479

Attached housing 480

Apartments 482

Considering Commercial Real Estate 484

Buying Undeveloped or Raw Land 485

Chapter 3: Identifying Sources of Capital 489

Calculating the Costs of Admission 490

Forgetting the myth of no money down 490

Determining what you need to get started 491

Rounding Up the Required Cash by Saving 491

Overcoming Down Payment Limitations 493

Changing your approach 493

Tapping into other common cash sources 494

Chapter 4: Location, Location, Value 497

Deciding Where to Invest 498

Finding Properties to Add Value 498

Evaluating a Region: The Big Picture 500

Population growth 502

Job growth and income levels 503

Investigating Your Local Market 504

Supply and demand 505

Focusing on the path of progress 510

Considering barriers to entry 511

Government’s effect on real estate 516

Evaluating Neighborhoods 518

Schools 518

Crime rates 518

Pride of ownership 519

Role play: What attracts you to the property? 520

Mastering Seller’s and Buyer’s Markets 522

Understanding real estate cycles 523

Timing the real estate market 524

Book 9: Investing In Trends 527

Chapter 1: Taking the Nickel Tour of Cannabis Investing 529

Weighing the Pros and Cons of Investing in Cannabis 530

Pros 530

Cons 530

Investing in Businesses That Touch the Plant or Those That Don’t 532

Exploring Your Investment Options 533

Starting your own business 533

Investing in cannabis real estate 535

Buying and selling stocks 535

Diversifying with exchange-traded funds and mutual funds 536

Considering private investment opportunities 537

Finding Investment Opportunities 537

Researching Investment Opportunities 539

Planning Your Investment Strategy 540

Investing in a Cannabis Business 541

Chapter 2: The Political, Cultural, and Regulatory Landscape of Cannabis Investing 545

Recognizing the Impact of Laws on the Industry 546

Getting up to speed on U.S federal law and enforcement 546

Brushing up on state cannabis laws 549

Considering local laws, too 551

Examining cannabis laws in other countries 551

Riding the Waves of Politics and Culture 552

Checking the nation’s pulse 553

Debunking misconceptions of cannabis and users 555

Examining activism 556

Tuning into cannabis culture 557

Accounting for the High Costs of Doing Business 559

Regulatory and compliance costs 559

Federal, state, and local taxes 560

Security costs 560

Chapter 3: What Is a Cryptocurrency? 563

Beginning with the Basics of Cryptocurrencies 564

The definition of money 564

Some cryptocurrency history 565

Key crypto benefits 565

Common crypto and blockchain myths 567

Risks 568

Gearing Up to Make Transactions 568

Wallets 568

Exchanges 568

Communities 569

Making a Plan Before You Jump In 570

Select your cryptos 570

Analyze, invest, and profit 571

Chapter 4: How Cryptocurrencies Work 573

Explaining Basic Terms in the Cryptocurrency Process 573

Cryptography 575

Nodes 576

Mining 576

Proof-of-work 577

Proof-of-stake 577

Proof-of-importance 578

Transactions: Putting it all together 578

Cruising through Other Important Crypto Concepts 579

Adaptive scaling 579

Decentralization 579

Harvesting 580

Open source 580

Public ledger 580

Smart contracts 580

Stick a Fork in It: Digging into Cryptocurrency Forks 581

What is a fork, and why do forks happen? 581

Hard forks and soft forks 582

Free money on forks 583

Chapter 5: Entering the World of ESG Investing 585

Surveying the Current ESG Landscape 586

Exploring What ESG Is (and Isn’t) 587

Defining the breadth of ESG 588

Comparing SRI, ethical, and impact investing to ESG 592

Determining whether ESG delivers good investment performance 593

Understanding ESG’s Impact on the Environment, Society, and Governance 594

Meeting environmental and global warming targets 595

Providing solutions to social challenges 595

Meeting corporate governance requirements 596

Using International Standards to Determine ESG Objectives 597

Leading the charge: European legislation on ESG 598

Ahead of its time: The United Nations 599

Staying focused: The Sustainability Accounting Standards Board 599

Building a framework: The Global Reporting Initiative 600

Index 601

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