Ion Channels in the Pulmonary Vasculature

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ISBN: 9780824759681 | 0824759680
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 5/12/2005

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Univ. of California, San Diego. Presents a global overview of the role of ion flux via transmembrane ion channel proteins in the regulation of pulmonary vascular tone. Contains combined molecular biological, biophysical, and functional characterizations of ion channels.

Introduction

Claude Lenfant

iii

Preface

Contributors

I. CELL PHYSIOLOGY

1. Membrane Electrical Properties of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells of the Pulmonary Circulation

(24)

Sean M. Wilson and Normand Leblanc

I. Introduction

(1)

II. Ion Distribution, Passive Ion Fluxes, and Ionic Equilibria

(7)

III. Ion Channels Contributing to the Resting Membrane Potential of Pulmonary Artery Myocytes

(5)

IV. The Active State of Pulmonary Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells

(5)

V. Summary and Concluding Remarks

(1)

References

(5)

2. Excitation-Contraction Coupling in the Pulmonary Vasculature

(36)

Luke J. Janssen

I. Introduction

(1)

II. Excitation-Contraction Coupling in Muscle General Concepts

(3)

III. Excitation-Contraction Coupling in Smooth Muscle Roles of Myosin Light Chain Kinase and Phosphatase

(1)

IV. Heterogeneity in the Pulmonary Vasculature

(3)

V. Excitation-Contraction Coupling in Vascular Smooth Muscle

(16)

VI. Pathophysiological Perspective

(3)

VII. Future Directions

(1)

References

(9)

3. Ion Channel Heterogeneity in the Pulmonary Vascular Bed: A Basis for Site-Specific Responses to Vasoactive Stimuli

(22)

Stephen L. Archer and Nancy J. Rusch

I. Introduction

(1)

II. Molecular Identification and Function of CaL, Kv, and BKca Channels

(5)

III. Diversity of CaL, Kv, and BKca Channels Within the Pulmonary Circulation

(4)

IV. Heterogeneous Populations of Oxygen-Sensitive Ion Channels

(6)

V. Conclusions

(1)

References

(5)

II. Ca²+-PERMEABLE CHANNELS

4. Voltage-Gated Ca²+ Channels in the Pulmonary Vasculature

(16)

Gregory A. Knock and Philip I. Aaronson

I. Introduction

(1)

II. VGCCs in Systemic Vascular Smooth Muscle

(3)

III. VGCCs in Pulmonary VSM

(6)

References

(6)

5. Receptor-Operated Ca²+ Channels

(26)

Songwei Wu, Donna L. Cioffi, and Troy Stevens

I. Introduction

(1)

II. Global [Ca²+]i, Currents, and Channels

100

(2)

III. Signal Transduction

102

(4)

IV. Receptor-Operated Ca²+ Channels Control by Second Messengers

106

(8)

V. Receptor-Operated Ca² + Channels Smooth Muscle

114

(1)

VI. Receptor-Operated Ca²+ Channels-Endothelium

115

(1)

VII. Receptor-Operated Ca²+ Channels Reciprocal Regulation of Ca²+ Entry

116

(1)

References

117

(8)

6. Transient Receptor Potential Cation Channels and Store-Operated Ca²+ Channels

125

(22)

Donna L. Cioffi, SongWei Wu, and Troy Stevens

I. Introduction

125

(1)

II. Ca² -Selective and Nonselective SOCE

126

(3)

III. Molecular Basis for SOCE

129

(4)

IV. Role of Individual TRPC Proteins in SOCE

133

(2)

V. Activating SOCE Channels

135

(2)

VI. TRPC Expression and Function in the Lung

137

(3)

VII. Summary

140

(1)

References

140

(7)

7. Ca²+ Releasing Channels in Pulmonary Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

147

(20)

Yuji Imaizumi and Katsuhiko Muraki

I. Introduction

147

(1)

II. Molecular Basis of Ca²+ Releasing Channels

147

(2)

III. RyRs: Channel Characteristics, Expression, and Physiological Functions in SMCs

149

(7)

IV. IP3Rs: Their Expression, Regulation of Activity, and Functions in SMCs

156

(3)

V. Ca²+ Releasing Channels and Pulmonary Vascular Diseases

159

(1)

VI. Summary

159

(1)

References

160

(7)

8. Agonist-Mediated Regulation of Ca²+ Transients in PASMCs

167

(18)

Jean-Pierre Savineau, Christelle Guibert, and Roger Marthan

I. Introduction

167

(1)

II. Characteristics of Agonist-Induced Ca Transient in Isolated PASMCs

168

(3)

III. Cellular Mechanisms of Agonist-Induced [Ca²+]; Responses in PASMCs

171

(4)

IV. Functional Role of Ca²+ Oscillations

175

(1)

V. Modulation of Agonist-Induced Ca²+ Oscillations by Physical, Chemical, or Pharmacological Agents: Implication in the Pathophysiology of the Pulmonary Circulation

176

(4)

VI. Summary and Conclusions

180

(1)

References

180

(5)

III. Na+-PERMEABLE CHANNELS

9. Epithelial Sodium Channel Function in Health and Disease in the Adult Lung

185

(14)

Ian C. Davis, Lawrence S. Prince, and Sadis Matalon

I. Introduction: The Role of Sodium Channels in Lung Physiology

185

(1)

II. Biology of ENaC in the Lung

186

(1)

III. ENaCs in Adult Lung Disease

187

(1)

IV. Effect of Pulmonary Pathogens on Na+ Transport

187

(2)

V. ENaC Modulation by Purinergic Nucleotides

189

(1)

VI. Protein Kinase C as a Central Regulator of ENaC Function?

190

(1)

VII. Inflammatory Mediators of ENaC Dysfunction in Pulmonary Disease

191

(1)

VIII. Summary and Conclusions

192

(1)

References

193

(6)

10. Voltage-Dependent Na+ Channels in Pulmonary Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

199

(18)

Kenji Kitamura and Hirosi Kuriyama

I. Introduction

199

(1)

II. Electrophysiological Evidence for Voltage-Dependent Na Channels in Smooth Muscle Cells

200

(2)

III. Structure and Function of Voltage-Dependent Na Channels

202

(8)

IV. Physiological Importance of Voltage-Dependent Na Channels in Pulmonary Artery and Other Smooth Muscle Cells

210

(3)

V. Conclusions

213

(1)

References

213

(4)

IV. K+-PERMEABLE CHANNELS

11. Voltage-Gated Potassium Channels in Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cells

217

(20)

Kristen O'Connell, Aaron Norris, Elizabeth A. Coppock, and Michael M. Tamkun

I. Introduction

217

(2)

II. Diversity of Voltage-Gated K+ Currents in Pulmonary Artery VSMCs

219

(1)

III. Overview of Molecular Approaches to Voltage-Gated K+ Channels

220

(3)

IV. Cloning and Functional Analysis of Kv Channel Expression in the Pulmonary Artery Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell

223

(5)

V. Subcellular Localization of Kv Channels in the Pulmonary Vasculature

228

(3)

VI. Relation of Cloned Channels with Native Currents

231

(1)

VII. Summary and Conclusions

232

(1)

References

232

(5)

12. Ca²+-Activated, Voltage-Dependent K+ Channels

237

(20)

Ligia Toro, Abderrahmane Alioua, Rong Lu, Jesus Garcia-Valdes, Kazuhide Nishimaru, Mansoureh Eghbali, Enrico Stefani, and Masoud M. Zarei

I. Introduction

238

(1)

II. Gene Structure and Molecular Properties

238

(6)

III. Regulation of Channel Activity and Expression

244

(5)

IV. Functional Roles of the Channel

249

(2)

V. Relationship to Vascular Disease and Aging

251

(2)

VI. Conclusions

253

(1)

References

253

(4)

13. ATP-Sensitive and Inward Rectifier K+ Channels

257

(30)

Lucie H. Clapp and Brian P. Tennant

I. Introduction

257

(1)

II. KATP Channels

258

(6)

III. Strong Inward Rectifier K+ Channels

264

(8)

IV. Functional Role of KATP and IRK Channels

272

(3)

V. Inwardly Rectifying K+ Channels and Pulmonary Vascular Disease

275

(4)

VI. Concluding Remarks

279

(2)

References

281

(6)

14. 2P Domain K+ Channels and Their Role in Chemoreception

287

(24)

Amanda J. Patel and Eric Honoré

I. Introduction

287

(2)

II. TWIK-1, TWIK-2, and KCNK7

289

(2)

III. TASK-1, TASK-3, and TASK-5

291

(5)

IV. TREK-1, TREK-2, and TRAAK

296

(4)

V. TASK-2, TALK-1, and TALK-2

300

(1)

VI. THIK-1 and THIK-2

301

(1)

VII. Conclusions

301

(1)

References

302

(9)

V. Cl--PERMEABLE CHANNELS

15. Ca²+-Activated Cl- Channels and Pulmonary Vascular Tone

311

(24)

William A. Large and Angela S. Piper

I. Introduction

311

(1)

II. Properties of Unitary Ca²+-Activated Cl- Channels in Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cells

312

(4)

III. Regulation of Ca²+-Activated Cl- Channels

316

(1)

IV. Pharmacology of Ca²+-Activated Cl- Channels

317

(5)

V. Function of Ca²+-Activated Cl- Channels in the Pulmonary Vasculature

322

(3)

VI. Molecular Biology of Ca²+-Activated Cl-Channels

325

(4)

VII. Conclusions

329

(1)

References

330

(5)

16. Volume-Sensitive Cl- Channels in Pulmonary Vascular Smooth Muscle and Endothelial Cells

335

(18)

Amy Sanguinetti, Normand Leblanc, and Iain A. Greenwood

I. Introduction

335

(1)

II. Chloride Currents in Smooth Muscle Cells

336

(1)

III. Biophysical Characteristics of ICl(swell)

336

(4)

IV. Modulation of ICl(swell) in Smooth Muscle Cells

340

(1)

V. ICl(swell) in Endothelial Cells

341

(2)

VI. Molecular Candidates for ICl(swell)

343

(1)

VII. Physiological Roles of ICl(swell)

344

(4)

VIII. Conclusions

348

(1)

References

348

(5)

VI. O2-SENSITIVE ION CHANNELS

17. Molecular Physiology of O2-Sensitive Ion Channels

353

(26)

Kristen O'Connell, Elizabeth A. Coppock, Aaron Norris, and Michael M. Tamkun

I. Introduction

353

(4)

II. O2-Sensitive K+ Channels

357

(4)

III. O2, Sensitivity of Cloned Kv Channels Expressed in Heterologous Systems

361

(4)

IV. Calcium Channels and Hypoxia

365

(1)

V. Hypoxia-Sensitive Kv Currents in Native PASMCs

366

(2)

VI. Mechanisms of O2 Sensing

368

(3)

VII. Conclusions

371

(1)

References

371

(8)

18. Hypoxia-Induced Modulation of O2-Sensitive K+ Channels in Pulmonary Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

379

(30)

Carmelle V. Remillard, Oleksandr Platoshyn, Tiffany Sison, and Jason K-J. Yuan

I. Introduction

379

(1)

II. K Channels and the Regulation of Membrane Potential

380

(1)

III. Acute Hypoxia Decreases K Channel Activity

380

(8)

IV. Chronic Hypoxia Downregulates K+ Channel Expression

388

(7)

V. Colocalization of O2 Sensors and Effectors Within Microdomains

395

(1)

VI. Summary

396

(2)

References

398

(11)

19. Ion Channels and the Effects of Hypoxia in Pulmonary Artery Endothelial Cells

409

(22)

Andrew R.L. Davies, Doyle S. Hogg, and Roland Z. Kozlowski

I. Introduction

409

(4)

II. Ion Channels in Pulmonary Artery Endothelial Cells

413

(8)

III. Effects of Hypoxia on Pulmonary Artery Endothelial Cell Ion Channels

421

(4)

IV. Conclusions

425

(1)

References

426

(5)

VII. WATER CHANNELS

20. Aquaporins in the Vasculature

431

(16)

Venkataramana Sidhaye and Landon S. King

I. Introduction

431

(1)

II. The Aquaporin Family

432

(1)

III. Aquaporin Structure and Function

432

(2)

IV. Aquaporin-1

434

(1)

V. Regulation of AQP1

435

(2)

VI. Aquaporins and Human Pathophysiology

437

(1)

VII. Aquaporin-1 Function in the Lung

438

(2)

VIII. Conclusion

440

(1)

References

440

(7)

VIII. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF CYTOPLASMIC IONS AND ION CHANNELS

21. Functional Roles of Ion Channels in the Regulation of Membrane Potential and Pulmonary Vascular Tone

447

(16)

Alison M. Gurney

I. Introduction

447

(1)

II The Resting Membrane Potential

448

(1)

III. Molecular Identification of the K+ Channels Underlying the Resting Membrane Potential

449

(4)

IV. Ion Channels Mediating a Depolarizing Influence on the Resting Potential

453

(1)

V. Influence of Other Ion Transporters on Resting Potential

454

(1)

VI. The Resting Potential and Pulmonary Vascular Disease

454

(1)

VII. Functional Importance of the Resting Potential

455

(1)

VIII. Summary

456

(2)

References

458

(5)

22. Calcium Channels, Calcium Signaling, and Lung Vascular Barrier Regulation

463

(20)

Bryan J. McVerry, Steven M. Dudek, Dolly Mehta, and Joe G.N. Garcia

I. Introduction

463

(1)

II. Calcium Channels

464

(2)

III. Calcium Signaling

466

(2)

IV. Regulation of Calcium Entry

468

(4)

V. Calcium Signaling to the Cytoskeleton and Permeability Pathways

472

(2)

VI. Calcium-Independent Permeability Mechanisms

474

(1)

VII. Microvascular Versus Macrovascular Endothelial Permeability

474

(3)

VIII. Summary and Future Directions

477

(1)

References

478

(5)

23. Role of Ca²+ Sparks in the Regulation of Pulmonary Vascular Tone

483

(30)

James S.K. Sham, Anita Umesh, Xiao-Ru Yang, and Mo-Jun Lin

I. Introduction

483

(1)

II. Ryanodine Receptor: the Mediator of Ca²+ Sparks

484

(8)

III. Ca²+ Sparks of Systemic Vascular Smooth Muscle

492

(2)

IV. Ca²+ Sparks of PASMCs

494

(8)

V. Physiological Roles of Ca²+ Spark in PASMCs

502

(1)

VI. Concluding Remarks

503

(1)

References

504

(9)

24. Ion Channels and Hypoxic Pulmonary Vasoconstriction

513

(14)

Vladimir A. Snetkov and Jeremy P.T. Ward

I. Introduction

513

(1)

II. Ca²+ Entry Pathways

514

(1)

III. Depolarization and Voltage-Gated Ca²+ Channels

514

(1)

IV. Channels Causing Depolarization: K+ and Cr Channels

515

(4)

V. PROS and CONS of the K+ Channel and Depolarization Hypothesis

519

(1)

VI. Voltage-Independent Ca²+ Entry in HPV

520

(1)

VII. Mechanisms of Oxygen Sensitivity of Ion Channels

521

(1)

VIII. Conclusion

522

(1)

References

523

(4)

25. Essential Role of Anion Channels in Induction of Apoptotic and Necrotic Cell Death

527

(16)

Yasunobu Okada, Emi Maeno, Takashi Nabekura, and Shin-ichiro Mori

I. Introduction

527

(1)

II. Volume Regulation Dysfunction Associated with the Cell Death Process

528

(1)

III. Roles of K+ and Cl- Channels in the Induction of AVD

528

(2)

IV. Caspase-Independent Induction of AVD

530

(1)

V. Rescue from Apoptotic Cell Death by Anion Channel Block

531

(1)

VI. Roles of Ion Channels and Transporters in the Induction of NVI

532

(2)

VII. Protection Against Necrotic Cell Death by Manipulation of Anion Channels

534

(1)

References

535

(8)

IX. ROLE OF ION CHANNELS IN PULMONARY VASCULATURE DISEASE

26. Downregulated Kv Channels and Upregulated TRPC Channels in Primary Pulmonary Hypertension

543

(24)

Donna D. Tigno, Mehran Mandegar, Carmelle V. Remillard, and Jason X.-J. Yuan

I. Introduction

543

(1)

II. Role of Ca²+ in Pulmonary Vasoconstriction and PASMC Proliferation

544

(5)

III. Role of Dysfunctional or Downregulated Kv Channels in the Development of PPH

549

(4)

IV. Role of Upregulated TRPC Channels and Enhanced Capacitative Ca²+ Entry in the Development of PPH

553

(8)

V. Summary

561

(1)

References

562

(5)

27. Developmental Regulation of Ion Channel Function and Expression in the Pulmonary Vasculature

567

(16)

David N. Cornfield

I. Introduction

567

(2)

II. K+ Channel Physiology in the Perinatal Pulmonary Circulation

569

(4)

III. Ontogeny of Pulmonary Vascular K+ Channels

573

(3)

IV. Developmental Regulation of Ryanodine-Sensitive Stores

576

(2)

V. Conclusion

578

(1)

References

579

(4)

28. Anorexigens and Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: The Role of Potassium Channels

583

(22)

Sean McMurtry and Evangelos D. Michelakis

I. Introduction

583

(1)

II. History

584

(2)

III. The 5-HT Story

586

(3)

IV. The K+ Channel Story

589

(6)

V. A Proposed Unifying Mechanism

595

(1)

VI. Lessons for the Future

596

(2)

References

598

(7)

X. METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES

29. Isolation and Culture of Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cells

605

(10)

Shen Zhang, Carmelle V. Remillard, Oleksandr Platoshyn, and Jason X.-J. Yuan

I. Introduction

605

(1)

II. Isolation of PASMCs from Rats and Humans

606

(3)

III. Morphological Characteristics of Primary and Subcultured Cells

609

(2)

IV. Sample Uses of Cultured PASMCs

611

(1)

V. Summary

611

(1)

References

612

(3)

30. Measurement of Ion Channel Function Using Conventional Patch-Clamp Techniques

615

(20)

Carmelle V. Remillard and Jason X.-J. Yuan

I. Introduction

615

(1)

II. Brief Historical Perspective of Patch-Clamp Electrophysiology

616

(1)

III. Description of the Patch-Clamp Technique

616

(5)

IV. Voltage- and Current-Clamp Modes

621

(1)

V. Characterizing Ion Channel Currents

621

(10)

VI. Summary

631

(1)

References

632

(3)

31. Planar Electrodes: The Future of Voltage Clamp

635

(18)

António Guia and Jia Xu

I. Introduction

635

(3)

II. Pioneers and Their Methods

638

(7)

III. Devices Currently Available

645

(3)

IV. Summary and Future Directions

648

(1)

References

649

(4)

32. Correlation of Ion Channel Activity with Gene Expression Using Single-Cell RT-PCR and Patch-Clamp Techniques

653

(12)

Ying Yu, Oleksandr Platoshyn, and Jason X.-J. Yuan

I. Introduction

653

(1)

II. Combination of Patch-Clamp Recording and Single-Cell RT-PCR Analysis

654

(5)

III. Application of Patch-Clamp and Single-Cell RT-PCR Assay in PASMCs

659

(2)

IV. Summary

661

(1)

References

661

(4)

33. Ion Channel Trafficking

665

(22)

Steve H. Keller, Bethany H. Parker, and Jason X.-J. Yuan

I. Introduction

665

(8)

II. Methods To Study Ion Channel Trafficking

673

(8)

III. Summary and Conclusion

681

(1)

References

681

(6)

34. Functional Study of Cloned Ion Channels in Mammalian Transfection Systems Using Site-Directed Mutagenesis

687

(24)

Elena E. Brevnova, Bethany H. Parker, Oleksandr Platoshyn, and Jason X.-J. Yuan

I. Introduction

687

(1)

II. Overview of the Mutagenesis Approach

688

(1)

III. Expression of Foreign Genes Using Mammalian Expression Systems

688

(3)

IV. DNA Sequence Alterations

691

(10)

V. Analysis of Expression and Function of Heterologous Ion Channels

701

(3)

VI. Application of Site-Directed Mutagenesis for Study of Ion Channel Functions

704

(2)

VII. Summary

706

(1)

References

707

(4)

35. Screening for mRNA Expression Using the Polymerase Chain Reaction

711

(22)

Ivana Fantozzi, Carmelle V. Remillard, Mehran Mandegar, and Jason X.-J. Yuan

I. Introduction

711

(1)

II The Polymerase Chain Reaction Technique

712

(5)

III. Reverse Transcription Methodology

717

(5)

IV. Primers

722

(3)

V. Visualization and Quantification of the RT-PCR Products

725

(2)

VI. Real-Time PCR

727

(1)

VII. Useful Hints and Reminders

728

(1)

VIII. Summary

729

(1)

References

729

(4)

36. Practical Aspects of Confocal Imaging of Ca²+ Sparks and Cytoplasmic Ca²+ Concentration

733

(18)

James S.K. Sham and Christopher Ian Spencer

I. Introduction

733

(1)

II. General Aspects of Ca²+ Measurement

734

(5)

III. Detection of Ca²+ Sparks

739

(3)

IV. Analysis of Ca²+ Sparks

742

(4)

V. Concluding Remarks

746

(1)

References

746

(5)

37. Use of Transgenic and Gene-Targeted Mice to Study Ion Channel Function in the Pulmonary Vasculature

751

(14)

Barry London and Maninder Singh Bedi

I. Introduction

751

(1)

II. Generating Transgenic and Gene-Targeted Mice

752

(3)

III. Studying Transgenic and Gene-Targeted Mice

755

(2)

IV. Targeting Ion Channels in the Pulmonary Vasculature

757

(2)

V. Transgenic and Gene-Targeted Mouse Models of Pulmonary Vascular Disease

759

(2)

VI. Summary/Conclusion

761

(1)

References

761

(4)

Index

765

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Ion Channels in the Pulmonary Vasculature

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