Ion Chromatography

, by Fritz, James S.; Gjerde, Douglas T.

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ISBN: 9783527320523 | 3527320520
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 3/23/2009

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Summary

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This separation method is increasingly finding applications in environmental, food, pharmaceutical and clinical analysis.

Preface	p. 13
Acknowledgments	p. 15
Introduction and Overview	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Historical Development	p. 2
Early Ion-Exchange Separations	p. 2
Cation Separations	p. 3
Separation of Anions	p. 6
On-line Detection	p. 8
The Birth of Modern Ion Chromatography	p. 8
Non-Suppressed-Ion Chromatography	p. 10
Principles of Ion Chromatographic Separation and Detection	p. 13
Requirements for Separation	p. 13
Experimental Setup	p. 13
Performing a Separation	p. 14
Migration of Sample Ions	p. 15
Detection	p. 17
Basis for Separation	p. 17
Instrumentation	p. 21
Components of an Ion Chromatography (IC) Instrument	p. 21
General Considerations	p. 23
Eluent	p. 24
Pump	p. 26
Gradient Formation	p. 29
Sample Injector	p. 30
Columns	p. 31
Column Hardware	p. 31
Column Protection	p. 32
Column Oven	p. 33
Two-dimensional IC	p. 33
Suppressor	p. 33
Detector	p. 34
Data Acquisition and Calculation of Results	p. 35
Resins and Columns	p. 37
Introduction	p. 37
Polymeric Resins	p. 38
Substrate and Cross Linking	p. 38
Microporous Resins	p. 39
Macroporous Resins	p. 40
Chemical Functionalization	p. 41
Resin Capacity	p. 42
Resins and Columns for Ion Chromatography	p. 43
Monolith Columns	p. 43
Anion Exchangers	p. 45
Porous Anion Exchangers	p. 45
Effect of Functional Group on Selectivity	p. 47
Effect of Spacer Arm Length	p. 52
Latex Agglomerated Ion Exchangers	p. 54
Effect of Latex Functional Group on Selectivity	p. 56
Cation Exchangers	p. 57
Sulfonated Resins	p. 57
Weak-acid Cation Exchangers	p. 61
Other Types	p. 63
Other Resins	p. 63
Chelating Ion-exchange Resins	p. 63
Metal Oxides	p. 64
Multi-purpose Resins	p. 64
Ion-exchange Disks	p. 65
Detectors	p. 69
Introduction	p. 69
Conductivity Detectors	p. 70
Conductivity Definitions and Equations	p. 73
Principles of Cell Operation	p. 74
Conductance Measurement	p. 75
Conductivity Hardware and Detector Operation	p. 75
Contactless Conductivity Detection	p. 76
Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) Detectors	p. 77
UV-Vis measurement	p. 77
Direct Spectrophotometric Measurement	p. 78
Post-column Derivatization	p. 81
UV-Vis Hardware and Detector Operation	p. 82
Fluorescence Detector	p. 83
Electrochemical Detectors	p. 85
Potentiometric Detection	p. 86
Conductometric Detectors	p. 86
Amperometric/Coulometric Detection	p. 87
Pulsed Electrochemical Detection (PED)	p. 89
Pulsed Amperometric Detection (PAD)	p. 91
Integrated Pulsed Amperometric Detection (IPAD)	p. 93
IC-PED	p. 94
Post-column Derivatization	p. 95
Electrochemical Hardware and Detector Operation	p. 95
Refractive Index Detector	p. 97
Evaporative Light Scattering Detector (ELSD)	p. 97
Nebulizer	p. 98
Evaporation Chamber	p. 99
Detection Cell	p. 99
Other Detectors	p. 100
Principles of Ion Chromatographic Separations	p. 105
General Considerations	p. 105
Chromatographic Terms	p. 105
Retention Factor	p. 106
Selectivity	p. 109
Selectivity Coefficients	p. 110
Other Ion-exchange Interactions	p. 112
Selectivity of Sulfonated Cation-exchange Resin for Metal Cations	p. 113
Factors Affecting Selectivity	p. 120
Polymeric Matrix Effect	p. 121
Resin Functional Group	p. 122
Solvation Effects	p. 123
Chromatographic Efficiency	p. 124
Anion Chromatography	p. 131
Scope and Conditions for Separation	p. 131
Columns	p. 132
Separation Conditions	p. 135
Suppressed Anion Chromatography	p. 138
Electrolytic Suppressors	p. 140
Solid-Phase Reagents, 1990[7]	p. 141
Typical Separations	p. 142
Isocratic and Gradient Elution	p. 144
Influence of Organic Solvents	p. 146
Nonsuppressed Ion Chromatography	p. 147
Principles	p. 147
Explanation of Chromatographic Peaks	p. 150
Eluent	p. 150
General Considerations	p. 150
Salts of Carboxylic Acids	p. 151
Basic Eluents	p. 152
Carboxylic Acid Eluents	p. 153
System Peaks	p. 154
Scope of Anion Separations	p. 155
Sensitivity	p. 155
Conductance of a Sample Peak	p. 158
Coated Columns	p. 160
Optical Absorbance Detection	p. 163
Introduction	p. 163
Direct UV Absorption	p. 163
Indirect Absorbance	p. 164
Detection	p. 166
Pulsed Amperometric Detector (PAD)	p. 168
Evaporative Light Scattering Detector (ELSD)	p. 170
Inductively Coupled Plasma Methods (ICP)	p. 172
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (AES)	p. 172
Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS)	p. 173
Cation Chromatography	p. 175
Introduction	p. 175
Columns	p. 176
Historical Development	p. 178
Phosphonate Columns	p. 179
Macrocycle Columns	p. 181
Surfactant Columns	p. 182
Separations	p. 184
Suppressed-Conductivity Detection	p. 184
Non-Suppressed-Conductivity Detection	p. 187
Spectrophotometric Detection	p. 188
Effect of Organic Solvents	p. 191
Separation of Alkali Metal Ions	p. 193
Separation of Metal Ions with a Complexing Eluent	p. 195
Principles	p. 195
Separations	p. 196
Use of Sample Masking Reagents	p. 197
Weak-Acid Ion Exchangers	p. 198
Chelating Ion-Exchange Resins and Chelation Ion Chromatography	p. 201
Fundamentals	p. 201
Examples of Metal-Ion Separation	p. 204
Ion-Exclusion Chromatography	p. 207
Principles	p. 207
Equipment	p. 209
Eluents	p. 209
Detectors	p. 210
Separation of Organic Acids	p. 211
Effect of Alcohol Modifiers	p. 214
Separation of Carboxylic Acids on Unfunctionalized Columns	p. 216
Simultaneous Determination of Anions and Cations	p. 217
Conclusions	p. 220
Determination of Carbon Dioxide and Bicarbonate	p. 222
Enhancement Column Reactions	p. 222
Separation of Bases	p. 223
Determination of Water	p. 226
Determination of Very Low Concentrations of Water by HPLC	p. 229
Separation of Saccharides and Alcohols	p. 230
Introduction	p. 230
Separation Mechanism and Control of Selectivity	p. 230
Detection	p. 235
Contamination	p. 235
Ion Pair Chromatography	p. 239
Principles	p. 239
Typical Separations	p. 242
Mechanism	p. 246
Zwitterion Stationary Phases	p. 251
Introduction	p. 251
Simultaneous Separation of Anions and Cations	p. 253
Separation of Anions	p. 255
Separation of Cations	p. 256
Mechanism	p. 259
Capillary Electrophoresis	p. 263
Introduction	p. 263
Steps in Analysis	p. 264
Capillary Pretreatment	p. 264
Sample Introduction	p. 264
Sample Run	p. 265
Detection	p. 265
Principles	p. 265
Terms and Relationships	p. 265
Zone Broadening	p. 267
Sample Injection	p. 267
Electrosmotic Flow (EOF)	p. 268
Effect of EOF on Separations	p. 270
Control of EOF	p. 271
Separation of Ions	p. 274
Separation of Anions	p. 274
Separation of Isotopes	p. 276
Separation of Cations	p. 278
Separations at Low pH	p. 279
Capillary Electrophoresis at High Salt Concentration	p. 280
Capillary Electrophoretic Ion Chromatography	p. 283
Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography (MEKC)	p. 284
Partial Complexation	p. 285
Effect of Ionic Polymers	p. 287
Effect of Alkylammonium Salts	p. 291
Separation Mechanism	p. 294
Summary	p. 294
DNA and RNA Chromatography	p. 299
Introduction	p. 299
Importance of DNA and RNA Chromatography	p. 299
Organization of this Chapter	p. 300
DNA and RNA Chemical Structure and Properties	p. 301
DNA and RNA Chromatography	p. 303
Development of DNA and RNA Chromatography	p. 303
Column Properties	p. 305
Ion-pairing Reagent and Eluent	p. 306
Temperature Modes of DNA and RNA Chromatography	p. 307
Nondenaturing Mode	p. 307
Fully Denaturing Mode	p. 308
Partially Denaturing Mode	p. 309
Instrumentation	p. 310
Effect of Metal Contamination	p. 310
The Column Oven	p. 313
UV and Fluorescence Detection	p. 313
Fragment Collection	p. 314
Applications of DNA Chromatography	p. 314
Dhplc	p. 314
Nucleic Acid Enzymology	p. 315
Telomerase Assays	p. 315
Polynucleotide Kinase Assays	p. 316
Uracil DNA Glycosylase Assays	p. 317
Applications of RNA Chromatography	p. 317
Separation of Messenger RNA from Ribosomal RNA	p. 318
Analysis of Transfer RNA	p. 319
Sample Pretreatment	p. 323
Dilute and Shoot or Pre-treat the Sample?	p. 323
Particulate and Column-contaminating Matter	p. 324
Preconcentration	p. 325
Collection of Ions from Air	p. 325
Preconcentration of Ions in Water	p. 326
Sample Pretreatment	p. 328
Anions in Acids	p. 328
Neutralization of Strongly Acidic or Basic Samples	p. 328
Dialysis Sample Preparation	p. 329
Passive Dialysis	p. 330
Donnan (Active) Dialysis	p. 330
Isolation of Organic Ions	p. 333
Method Development and Validation	p. 335
Choosing a Method	p. 335
Define the Problem Carefully	p. 335
Experimental Considerations	p. 336
Example of Method Development	p. 338
Some Applications of Ion Chromatography	p. 340
Statistical Evaluation of Data	p. 341
Common Statistical Terms	p. 341
Distribution of Means	p. 344
Confidence Intervals	p. 345
Validation of Analytical Procedures	p. 347
Analytical Control	p. 349
Chemical Speciation	p. 353
Introduction	p. 353
Detection	p. 355
Chromatography	p. 356
Valveless Injection IC	p. 357
Speciation of some Elements	p. 359
Chromium	p. 359
Iron	p. 360
Arsenic	p. 361
Tellurium	p. 362
Selenium	p. 363
Vanadium	p. 364
Tin	p. 364
Mercury	p. 365
Other Metals	p. 365
Index	p. 369
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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Ion Chromatography

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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Ion Chromatography

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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