Ionic Compounds Applications of Chemistry to

A practical introduction to ionic compounds for both mineralogists and chemists, this book bridges the two disciplines. It explains the fundamental principles of the structure and bonding in minerals, and emphasizes the relationship of structure at the atomic level to the symmetry and properties of crystals. This is a great reference for those interested in the chemical and crystallographic properties of minerals.

CLAUDE H. YODER is a chemistry professor at Franklin & Marshall College. He is the recipient of numerous national awards and research grants and is the author of over 100 publications.

Preface

vii

Bonding and Composition

1

(28)

Types of Bonding

3

(2)

Ionic Compounds

5

(6)

Types of Ions

5

(3)

Names of Ions

8

(3)

Percent Composition and Empirical Formula

11

(8)

The Mole

13

(2)

Molar Mass (Formula Weight)

15

(1)

Calculation of Empirical Formula from Percent Composition

15

(2)

Use of Oxide Data

17

(1)

Formulas for Solid Solutions

18

(1)

Covalent Character in Ionic Compounds

19

(3)

Interactions Between Ions

22

(7)

Some Laws of Electrostatics

22

(1)

Potential Energy of Charged Particles

23

(4)

Lattice Energy and Its Effect on Properties

27

(2)

The Structure of Ionic Compounds: Closest Packing

29

(12)

Closest Packing of Ions

30

(11)

The Holes Between the Layers

31

(2)

Stacking Sequences

33

(3)

Closest Packing for Ionic Compounds

36

(3)

Relationship of Formula to Occupation of Voids

39

(2)

The Symmetry of Crystals

41

(18)

Symmetry Elements

41

(8)

Hermann-Mauguin Notation (Point Groups)

49

(4)

Crystal Systems

53

(6)

Crystallographic Axes

54

(5)

The Structure of Some Simple Closest-packed Compounds

59

(28)

Symmetry of the AB and ABC Closest-packed Arrangements

59

(1)

The Unit Cell

60

(5)

The NaCl Structure

65

(3)

The Sphalerite Structure

68

(4)

Axial Relationships

72

(2)

Wurtzite, a Polymorph of Sphalerite

74

(2)

The Fluorite Structure

76

(4)

The Rutile Structure, Polyhedral Coordination Models

80

(7)

Factors that Affect the Symmetry of the Unit Cell

87

(28)

Effect of Cation

87

(3)

The Chalcopyrite Structure and Solid Solution

88

(2)

Effect of the Anion

90

(23)

Some Oxy Anions

90

(2)

The Pyrite Structure

92

(3)

The Calcite Structure

95

(2)

Aragonite, A Polymorph of Calcite

97

(3)

Several Sulfates, Anhydrite and Barite

100

(6)

Several Silicates, Zircon, and Beryl

106

(2)

The Silicates

108

(5)

Effect of Temperature and Pressure

113

(2)

Physical Properties: Morphology

115

(20)

Crystal Morphology

115

(1)

Miller Indices

115

(3)

Forms

118

(11)

Habit

127

(2)

Deviations in Crystal Growth

129

(6)

Parallel Growth

129

(1)

Twinning

129

(2)

Epitaxis and Pseudomorphism

131

(4)

Physical Properties: Color

135

(14)

Light and the Electromagnetic Spectrum

135

(1)

The Nature of Electrons

136

(6)

Electron Configurations

142

(1)

The Crystal Field Model

143

(4)

Colored Cations

147

(1)

Ion Impurities

148

(1)

Crystal Defects

148

(1)

Chemical Properties

149

(16)

Solubility

149

(8)

Energetics of Dissolution

151

(4)

Solubility Rules

155

(1)

Double Salts

156

(1)

Reaction with Acids

157

(5)

Types of Chemical Reactions

157

(2)

Water as Both Acid and Base

159

(1)

Strong and Weak Acids

160

(1)

Conjugate Bases

160

(2)

Use of Chemical Reactions for Identification

162

(3)

Appendices

165

(18)

The Periodic Chart

165

(4)

The Elements: Symbols, Melting Points, Boiling Points, Densities, and Electronegativities

169

(2)

Metallic, Covalent, and Ionic Radii

171

(2)

Quartz

173

(4)

Crystal System Identification Practice

177

(2)

Crystal Systems and Classes

179

(2)

Additional Reading and Resources

181

(2)

Index

183

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Ionic Compounds Applications of Chemistry to Mineralogy

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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Ionic Compounds Applications of Chemistry to Mineralogy

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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