Islamic Nationhood and Colonial Indonesia:

This book argues that Indonesian nationalism rested on Islamic ecumenism heightened by colonial rule and the pilgrimage. The author contrasts the latter experience with life in Cairo, where some Southeast Asians were drawn to both reformism and nationalism. After demonstrating the close linkage between Cairene ideology and Indonesian nationalism, Laffan shows how developments in the Middle East continued to play a role in shaping Islamic politics in colonial Indonesia.

Plates and figures

ix

Preface

xi

Acknowledgments

xii

A note on transliteration and dates used in this book

xiv

List of abbreviations

xv

Introduction

1

(2)

Studies of Islamic nationalism in Indonesia and the contribution of this book to the field

3

(4)

Typologizing Islam in Southeast Asia

7

(1)

Knowing Islam

8

(3)

An ecumene in `The lands below the winds'

11

(26)

The foundations of a Muslim ecumene: the Islamization of the bilad al-jawa

11

(7)

The ecumene underlined by networks of Jawi `ulama' and texts

18

(9)

The foundations of anti-colonial activism: Islamic reformism

27

(4)

One Javanese reformist: Ahmad Ripangi of Kalisasak

31

(2)

Heightened Jawi ecumenism above the winds: the Hajj

33

(4)

Arab priests and pliant pilgrims

37

(10)

Dutch responses to the pilgrimage

37

(2)

The Aceh War (1873--c.1910) and the renewed Islamic threat

39

(4)

An increasingly polarized colonial society: 1870--1900

43

(4)

The Hijazi experience and direct colonial visions of the heart of the ecumene

47

(30)

Leaving the lands below the winds

47

(3)

The Hijazi experience

50

(3)

Counting the pilgrims

53

(1)

Opening the prism of Snouck Hurgronje

54

(1)

The Jeddah consulate and a Javanese filter

55

(7)

The `ulama' of Mecca in the latter half of the nineteenth century

62

(3)

Pan-Islamism and Jawi ecumenism in Mecca

65

(2)

Jawi--Arab relations in Mecca

67

(3)

Ambiguity within the ecumene

70

(1)

A shortened stay: politics and murder in the Hijaz

71

(2)

Mecca's Southeast Asian `colony'

73

(4)

Colonizing Islam and the Western-oriented project of Indies nationhood

77

(26)

Advisers and collaborators

77

(3)

K.F. Holle (1829--1896)

80

(2)

Hasan Moestapa

82

(2)

Informants and local knowledge: orientalists as interpreters

84

(1)

Said Oesman and the Hadramis

85

(3)

Colonizing Islam: 'pacification'

88

(2)

Colonizing Islam: `association' and `emancipation'

90

(5)

Bintang Hindia as Malay propagator of the Ethici vision of an Indies national community

95

(2)

One language, one people, one homeland: Bintang Hindia's vision of a new Indies nation

97

(6)

Reorientation among the Jawa of Mecca

103

(11)

A changing Mecca

103

(3)

From Nawawi al-Bantini to Ahmad Khatib al-Minankabawi as leader of the Jawi community in Mecca

106

(3)

The 'anti-colonialism' of Ahmad Khatib

109

(3)

The reformism of Ahmad Khatib?

112

(2)

The Jawa and Cairo

114

(28)

Revivalism, pan-Islam, and a modern Cairo

114

(3)

Al-`Urwa al-wuthqa

117

(3)

Cairene reformism

120

(3)

Pan-Islam below the winds as an 'Arab' movement

123

(4)

Cairo as an Islamic metropole and modern experience for Indies Muslims

127

(4)

Cairo and the national idea

131

(3)

Japan as an Asian and Islamic model

134

(2)

An emerging Jawi national community in Cairo

136

(6)

Islamic voices from Singapore, Java, and Sumatra

142

(39)

The Jawi press: connecting script, language and faith

142

(3)

Wazir Indie: the first jawi paper of the Indies

145

(3)

Al-Imam (1906--08): the first channel of Cairene discourse in the bilad al-jawa

148

(3)

Watan and umat

151

(6)

Lessons on the road to independence: our Islamic history

157

(3)

The impact of Meiji Japan below the winds

160

(5)

Conventional origins of the 'national' movement on Java

165

(1)

Parallel Islamic activism on Java: Sarekat Islam and Moehammadijah

166

(3)

`Abduh in Indie

169

(2)

The religious Kaum Muda of Sumatra

171

(1)

Al-Munir

172

(6)

Al-Islam and the decline of the jawi press

178

(3)

Towards an indigenous and Islamic Indonesia

181

(34)

Hadji Agoes Salim: connecting Western civilization with `modernist' reformism

181

(8)

A foreign movement within the bilad al-jawa: the Hadrami awakening (nahda) and its impact on Indies identity

189

(6)

Life in the Hijaz under Sharif Husayn and the pilgrimage as a mirror of Indies aspirations

195

(7)

Rashid Rida's ideas on the neo-Caliphate and their impact on the Kaum Muda

202

(4)

Doenia Islam and Noesa Hindia; placing the Indies in a Muslim world

206

(4)

Ataturk in Indie

210

(5)

Indonesia visualized as a fractured umma below the winds

215

(17)

A new vision of the bilad al-jawa from Cairo

215

(3)

Janan Tayyib, Ilyas Ya`qub, and Seruan Azhar

218

(4)

The commencement of Sa'udi rule in Mecca and heightened divisions in Indonesia

222

(4)

The formation of Nahdlatoel Oelama

226

(2)

After the war: a model state for independent Islam?

228

(4)

From the Meccan discourse of a Jawi ecumene to the Cairene discourse of an Indonesian homeland

232

(7)

Further reflections

235

(4)

Glossary

239

(8)

Notes

247

(14)

Bibliography

261

(21)

Unpublished manuscripts held by the Leiden University Library

261

(1)

General State Archive (ARA), The Hague

262

(1)

KITLV Archives

262

(1)

Mailrapporten

262

(1)

Selected Periodicals

263

(1)

Books, articles, and unpublished works

263

(19)

Index

282

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Islamic Nationhood and Colonial Indonesia: The Umma Below the Winds

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