Ivor Horton's Beginning Visual C++ 2012

Ivor Horton is one of the preeminent authors of tutorials on the Java, C, and C++ programming languages. He is widely known for the tutorial style of his books, which provides step-by-step guidance easily understood even by first-time programmers. He is also a systems consultant in private practice.

CHAPTER 1: PROGRAMMING WITH VISUAL C++ 1

Learning with Visual C++ 1

Writing C++ Applications 2

Learning Desktop Applications Programming 3

Learning C++ 3

Console Applications 4

Windows Programming Concepts 4

What Is the Integrated Development Environment? 5

The Editor 6

The Compiler 6

The Linker 6

The Libraries 6

Using the IDE 7

Toolbar Options 8

Dockable Toolbars 9

Documentation 10

Projects and Solutions 10

Defining a Project 10

Debug and Release Versions of Your Program 15

Executing the Program 16

Dealing with Errors 18

Setting Options in Visual C++ 19

Creating and Executing Windows Applications 20

Creating an MFC Application 20

Building and Executing the MFC Application 22

Summary 23

CHAPTER 2: DATA, VARIABLES, AND CALCULATIONS 25

The Structure of a C++ Program 26

Program Comments 31

The #include Directive — Header Files 32

Namespaces and the Using Declaration 33

The main() Function 34

Program Statements 34

Whitespace 37

Statement Blocks 37

Automatically Generated Console Programs 37

Precompiled Header Files 38

Main Function Names 39

Defining Variables 39

Naming Variables 39

Keywords in C++ 40

Declaring Variables 41

Initial Values for Variables 41

Fundamental Data Types 42

Integer Variables 42

Character Data Types 44

Integer Type Modifi ers 45

The Boolean Type 46

Floating-Point Types 47

Fundamental Types in C++ 47

Literals 48

Defining Synonyms for Data Types 49

Basic Input/Output Operations 50

Input from the Keyboard 50

Output to the Command Line 50

Formatting the Output 51

Escape Sequences 53

Calculating in C++ 55

The Assignment Statement 55

Arithmetic Operations 55

The const Modifi er 58

Constant Expressions 58

Program Input 59

Calculating the Result 59

Displaying the Result 60

Calculating a Remainder 61

Modifying a Variable 61

The Increment and Decrement Operators 62

The Sequence of Calculation 65

Operator Precedence 65

Type Conversion and Casting 66

Type Conversion in Assignments 67

Explicit Type Conversion 68

Old-Style Casts 69

The auto Keyword 69

Discovering Types 70

The Bitwise Operators 70

The Bitwise AND 71

The Bitwise OR 72

The Bitwise Exclusive OR 73

The Bitwise NOT 74

The Bitwise Shift Operators 74

Introducing Lvalues and Rvalues 76

Understanding Storage Duration and Scope 77

Automatic Variables 78

Positioning Variable Declarations 80

Global Variables 80

Static Variables 84

Variables with Specifi c Sets of Values 85

Old Enumerations 85

Type-Safe Enumerations 87

Namespaces 90

Declaring a Namespace 91

Multiple Namespaces 92

Summary 93

CHAPTER 3: DECISIONS AND LOOPS 97

Comparing Values 97

The if Statement 99

Nested if Statements 100

The Extended if Statement 102

Nested if-else Statements 104

Logical Operators and Expressions 106

Logical AND 107

Logical OR 107

Logical NOT 108

The Conditional Operator 109

The switch Statement 111

Unconditional Branching 115

Repeating a Block of Statements 115

What Is a Loop? 116

Variations on the for Loop 118

Using the continue Statement 122

Floating-Point Loop Counters 126

The while Loop 126

The do-while Loop 128

The Range-Based for Loop 129

Nested Loops 130

Summary 133

CHAPTER 4: ARRAYS, STRINGS, AND POINTERS 135

Handling Multiple Data Values

of the Same Type 135

Arrays 136

Declaring Arrays 137

Initializing Arrays 140

Using the Range-Based for Loop 142

Character Arrays and String Handling 143

String Input 144

Using the Range-Based for Loop with Strings 146

Multidimensional Arrays 146

Initializing Multidimensional Arrays 147

Indirect Data Access 150

What Is a Pointer? 150

Declaring Pointers 150

The Address-Of Operator 151

Using Pointers 152

The Indirection Operator 152

Why Use Pointers? 152

Initializing Pointers 152

Pointers to char 155

The sizeof Operator 159

Constant Pointers and Pointers to Constants 161

Pointers and Arrays 163

Pointer Arithmetic 164

Using Pointers with Multidimensional Arrays 168

Pointer Notation with Multidimensional Arrays 169

Dynamic Memory Allocation 170

The Free Store, Alias the Heap 170

The new and delete Operators 171

Allocating Memory Dynamically for Arrays 172

Dynamic Allocation of Multidimensional Arrays 175

Using References 176

What Is a Reference? 176

Declaring and Initializing Lvalue References 176

Using References in a Range-Based for Loop 177

Rvalue References 178

Library Functions for Strings 178

Finding the Length of a Null-Terminated String 179

Joining Null-Terminated Strings 179

Copying Null-Terminated Strings 181

Comparing Null-Terminated Strings 182

Searching Null-Terminated Strings 183

Summary 185

CHAPTER 5: INTRODUCING STRUCTURE

INTO YOUR PROGRAMS 189

Understanding Functions 189

Why Do You Need Functions? 191

Structure of a Function 191

The Function Header 191

The Function Body 193

The return Statement 193

Alternative Function Syntax 194

Using a Function 194

Function Prototypes 194

Passing Arguments to a Function 198

The Pass-by-Value Mechanism 199

Pointers as Arguments to a Function 200

Passing Arrays to a Function 202

Passing Multidimensional Arrays to a Function 204

References as Arguments to a Function 206

Use of the const Modifi er 208

Rvalue Reference Parameters 210

Arguments to main( ) 212

Accepting a Variable Number of Function Arguments 214

Returning Values from a Function 216

Returning a Pointer 216

A Cast-Iron Rule for Returning Addresses 218

Returning a Reference 219

A Tefl on-Coated Rule: Returning References 222

Static Variables in a Function 222

Recursive Function Calls 224

Using Recursion 227

Summary 227

CHAPTER 6: MORE ABOUT PROGRAM STRUCTURE 231

Pointers to Functions 231

Declaring Pointers to Functions 232

A Pointer to a Function as an Argument 235

Arrays of Pointers to Functions 237

Initializing Function Parameters 238

Exceptions 239

Throwing Exceptions 241

Catching Exceptions 242

Rethrowing Exceptions 244

Exception Handling in the MFC 244

Handling Memory Allocation Errors 245

Function Overloading 247

What Is Function Overloading? 247

Reference Types and Overload Selection 250

When to Overload Functions 251

Function Templates 251

Using a Function Template 251

Using the decltype Operator 254

An Example Using Functions 256

Implementing a Calculator 257

Analyzing the Problem 257

Eliminating Blanks from a String 260

How the Function Functions 260

Evaluating an Expression 260

How the Function Functions 262

Getting the Value of a Term 263

How the Function Functions 264

Analyzing a Number 264

How the Function Functions 266

Putting the Program Together 268

How the Function Functions 269

Extending the Program 269

How the Function Functions 271

Extracting a Substring 271

How the Function Functions 273

Running the Modified Program 273

Summary 274

CHAPTER 7: DEFINING YOUR OWN DATA TYPES 277

The struct in C++ 277

What Is a struct? 278

Defining a struct 278

Initializing a struct 279

Accessing the Members of a struct 279

IntelliSense Assistance with Structures 283

The struct RECT 285

Using Pointers with a struct 285

Accessing Structure Members through a Pointer 286

The Indirect Member Selection Operator 287

Types, Objects, Classes, and Instances 287

First Class 289

Operations on Classes 289

Terminology 290

Understanding Classes 290

Defining a Class 291

Access Control in a Class 291

Declaring Objects of a Class 291

Accessing the Data Members of a Class 292

Member Functions of a Class 294

Positioning a Member Function Defi nition 296

Inline Functions 297

Class Constructors 298

What Is a Constructor? 298

The Default Constructor 300

Default Parameter Values 303

Using an Initialization List in a Constructor 305

Making a Constructor Explicit 306

Private Members of a Class 307

Accessing private Class Members 310

The friend Functions of a Class 310

Placing friend Function Definitions Inside the Class 312

The Default Copy Constructor 313

The Pointer this 314

const Objects 317

const Member Functions of a Class 318

Member Function Definitions Outside the Class 319

Arrays of Objects 320

Static Members of a Class 322

Static Data Members 322

Static Function Members of a Class 325

Pointers and References to Objects 325

Pointers to Objects 326

References to Class Objects 328

Implementing a Copy Constructor 329

Summary 330

CHAPTER 8: MORE ON CLASSES 333

Class Destructors 334

What Is a Destructor? 334

The Default Destructor 334

Destructors and Dynamic Memory Allocation 337

Implementing a Copy Constructor 340

Sharing Memory Between Variables 342

Defining Unions 343

Anonymous Unions 344

Unions in Classes and Structures 345

Operator Overloading 345

Implementing an Overloaded Operator 346

Implementing Full Support for Comparison Operators 350

Overloading the Assignment Operator 354

Fixing the Problem 355

Overloading the Addition Operator 359

Overloading the Increment and Decrement Operators 364

Overloading the Function Call Operator 365

The Object Copying Problem 366

Avoiding Unnecessary Copy Operations 367

Applying Rvalue Reference Parameters 370

Named Objects are Lvalues 372

Default Class Members 377

Class Templates 378

Defining a Class Template 379

Template Member Functions 381

Creating Objects from a Class Template 382

Class Templates with Multiple Parameters 386

Templates for Function Objects 388

Perfect Forwarding 388

Using Classes 392

The Idea of a Class Interface 392

Defining the Problem 393

Implementing the CBox Class 393

Comparing CBox Objects 395

Combining CBox Objects 396

Analyzing CBox Objects 398

Organizing Your Program Code 412

Naming Program Files 413

Library Classes for Strings 414

Creating String Objects 414

Concatenating Strings 416

Accessing and Modifying Strings 420

Comparing Strings 424

Searching Strings 428

Summary 437

CHAPTER 9: CLASS INHERITANCE AND VIRTUAL FUNCTIONS 441

Object-Oriented Programming Basics 441

Inheritance in Classes 443

What Is a Base Class? 443

Deriving Classes from a Base Class 444

Access Control Under Inheritance 447

Constructor Operation in a Derived Class 450

Declaring Protected Class Members 454

The Access Level of Inherited Class Members 457

The Copy Constructor in a Derived Class 458

Preventing Class Derivation 461

Class Members as Friends 462

Friend Classes 464

Limitations on Class Friendship 464

Virtual Functions 464

What Is a Virtual Function? 467

Ensuring Correct Virtual Function Operation 469

Preventing Function Overriding 469

Using Pointers to Class Objects 470

Using References with Virtual Functions 472

Incomplete Class Declaration 473

Pure Virtual Functions 473

Abstract Classes 474

Indirect Base Classes 477

Virtual Destructors 479

Casting Between Class Types 483

Nested Classes 483

Summary 487

CHAPTER 10: THE STANDARD TEMPLATE LIBRARY 491

What Is the Standard Template Library? 491

Containers 492

Allocators 494

Comparators 494

Container Adapters 495

Iterators 495

Iterator Categories 495

SCARY Iterators 497

std::begin( ) and std::end( ) Functions 497

Smart Pointers 497

Using unique_ptr Objects 498

Using shared_ptr Objects 499

Accessing the Raw Pointer in a Smart Pointer 500

Casting SmartPointers 500

Algorithms 500

Function Objects in the STL 501

Function Adapters 502

The Range of STL Containers 502

Sequence Containers 502

Creating Vector Containers 504

The Capacity and Size of a Vector Container 507

Accessing the Elements in a Vector 512

Inserting and Deleting Elements in a Vector 513

Insert Operations 513

Emplace Operations 514

Erase Operations 515

Swap and Assign Operations 515

Storing Class Objects in a Vector 516

Sorting Vector Elements 522

Storing Pointers in a Vector 523

Array Containers 526

Double-Ended Queue Containers 529

Using List Containers 533

Adding Elements to a List 533

Accessing Elements in a List 535

Sorting List Elements 535

Other Operations on Lists 538

Using forward_list Containers 544

Using Other Sequence Containers 546

Queue Containers 546

Priority Queue Containers 549

Stack Containers 555

The tuple Class Template 557

Associative Containers 561

Using Map Containers 561

Storing Objects 562

Accessing Objects 564

Other Map Operations 565

Using a Multimap Container 574

More on Iterators 575

Using Input Stream Iterators 575

Using Inserter Iterators 578

Using Output Stream Iterators 580

More on Function Objects 582

More on Algorithms 584

Type Traits and Static Assertions 587

Lambda Expressions 588

The Capture Clause 589

Capturing Specifi c Variables 590

Templates and Lambda Expressions 591

Naming a Lambda Expression 595

Summary 598

CHAPTER 11: WINDOWS PROGRAMMING CONCEPTS 601

Windows Programming Basics 602

Elements of a Window 602

Windows Programs and the Operating System 604

Event-Driven Programs 605

Windows Messages 605

The Windows API 605

Windows Data Types 606

Notation in Windows Programs 607

The Structure of a Windows Program 608

The WinMain( ) Function 609

Specifying a Program Window 611

Creating a Program Window 613

Initializing the Program Window 615

Dealing with Windows Messages 616

A Complete WinMain( ) Function 620

How It Works 621

Processing Windows Messages 621

The WindowProc( ) Function 622

Decoding a Windows Message 622

Ending the Program 625

A Complete WindowProc( ) Function 625

How It Works 626

The Microsoft Foundation Classes 627

MFC Notation 627

How an MFC Program Is Structured 628

Summary 632

CHAPTER 12: WINDOWS PROGRAMMING

WITH THE MICROSOFT FOUNDATION

CLASSES (MFC) 635

The MFC Document/View Concept 636

What Is a Document? 636

Document Interfaces 636

What Is a View? 636

Linking a Document and Its Views 637

Document Templates 638

Document Template Classes 638

Your Application and MFC 639

Creating MFC Applications 640

Creating an SDI Application 641

MFC Application Wizard Output 645

Viewing Project Files 647

Viewing Classes 647

The Class Definitions 648

Creating an Executable Module 653

Running the Program 653

How the Program Works 654

Creating an MDI Application 655

Running the Program 656

Summary 657

CHAPTER 13: WORKING WITH MENUS AND TOOLBARS 659

Communicating with Windows 659

Understanding Message Maps 660

Message Handler Definitions 661

Message Categories 662

Handling Messages in Your Program 663

How Command Messages Are Processed 664

Extending the Sketcher Program 664

Elements of a Menu 665

Creating and Editing Menu Resources 665

Adding a Menu Item to the Menu Bar 666

Adding Items to the Element Menu 667

Modifying Existing Menu Items 667

Completing the Menu 668

Adding Menu Message Handlers 668

Choosing a Class to Handle Menu Messages 670

Creating Menu Message Handlers 670

Implementing Menu Message Handlers 672

Adding Members to Store Color and Element Mode 672

Defining Element and Color Types 674

Initializing the Color and Element Type Members 675

Implementing Menu Command Message Handlers 675

Running the Extended Example 676

Adding Menu Update Message Handlers 676

Coding a Command Update Handler 677

Exercising the Update Handlers 678

Adding Toolbar Buttons 678

Editing Toolbar Button Properties 680

Exercising the Toolbar Buttons 681

Adding Tooltips 682

Summary 682

CHAPTER 14: DRAWING IN A WINDOW 685

Basics of Drawing in a Window 685

The Window Client Area 686

The Windows Graphical Device Interface 686

Working with a Device Context 687

Mapping Modes 687

The MFC Drawing Mechanism 689

The View Class in Your Application 689

The OnDraw( ) Member Function 690

The CDC Class 691

Displaying Graphics 691

Drawing in Color 695

Drawing Graphics in Practice 700

Programming for the Mouse 702

Messages from the Mouse 703

WM_LBUTTONDOWN 704

WM_MOUSEMOVE 704

WM_LBUTTONUP 704

Mouse Message Handlers 704

Drawing Using the Mouse 706

Getting the Client Area Redrawn 708

Defining Element Classes 709

The CElement Class 713

The CLine Class 714

The CRectangle Class 717

The CCircle Class 719

The CCurve Class 722

Completing the Mouse Message Handlers 724

Drawing a Sketch 731

Running the Example 732

Capturing Mouse Messages 733

Summary 734

CHAPTER 15: IMPROVING THE VIEW 739

Sketcher Limitations 739

Improving the View 740

Updating Multiple Views 740

Scrolling Views 742

Logical Coordinates and Client Coordinates 744

Dealing with Client Coordinates 745

Using MM_LOENGLISH Mapping Mode 747

Deleting and Moving Elements 748

Implementing a Context Menu 748

Associating a Menu with a Class 750

Checking Context Menu Items 751

Identifying an Element under the Cursor 752

Exercising the Context Menus 754

Highlighting Elements 754

Drawing Highlighted Elements 757

Exercising the Highlights 757

Implementing Move and Delete 758

Deleting an Element 758

Moving an Element 758

Updating Other Views 761

Getting the Elements to Move Themselves 762

Dropping the Element 764

Exercising the Application 765

Dealing with Masked Elements 765

Summary 767

CHAPTER 16: WORKING WITH DIALOGS

AND CONTROLS 769

Understanding Dialogs 770

Understanding Controls 770

Creating a Dialog Resource 771

Adding Controls to a Dialog 771

Testing the Dialog 773

Programming for a Dialog 773

Adding a Dialog Class 773

Modal and Modeless Dialogs 774

Displaying a Dialog 775

Displaying the Dialog 776

Code to Close the Dialog 776

Supporting the Dialog Controls 777

Initializing Dialog Controls 778

Handling Radio Button Messages 779

Completing Dialog Operations 780

Adding Pen Widths to the Document 780

Adding Pen Widths to the Elements 781

Creating Elements in the View 783

Exercising the Dialog 784

Using a Spin Button Control 785

Adding a Scale Menu Item and Toolbar Button 785

Creating the Spin Button 786

The Controls’ Tab Sequence 786

Generating the Scale Dialog Class 787

Dialog Data Exchange and Validation 788

Initializing the Dialog 789

Displaying the Spin Button 790

Using the Scale Factor 791

Scalable Mapping Modes 791

Setting the Document Size 793

Setting the Mapping Mode 793

Implementing Scrolling with Scaling 795

Setting Up the Scrollbars 796

Working with Status Bars 797

Adding a Status Bar to a Frame 797

Creating Status Bar Panes 798

Updating the Status Bar 800

The CString Class 801

Using an Edit Box Control 802

Creating an Edit Box Resource 803

Creating the Dialog Class 804

Adding the Text Menu Item 805

Defining a Text Element 806

Implementing the CText Class 807

The CText Constructor 807

Creating a Text Element 807

Drawing a CText Object 809

Moving a CText Object 810

Summary 812

CHAPTER 17: STORING AND PRINTING DOCUMENTS 815

Understanding Serialization 815

Serializing a Document 816

Serialization in the Document Class Defi nition 816

Serialization in the Document Class Implementation 817

The Serialize( ) Function 818

The CArchive Class 818

Functionality of CObject-Based Classes 820

The Macros that Add Serialization to a Class 821

How Serialization Works 821

How to Implement Serialization for a Class 823

Applying Serialization 823

Recording Document Changes 823

Serializing the Document 825

Serializing the Element Classes 827

The Serialize( ) Functions for the Element Classes 829

Exercising Serialization 831

Printing a Document 833

The Printing Process 833

The CPrintInfo Class 835

Implementing Multipage Printing 837

Getting the Overall Document Size 838

Storing Print Data 838

Preparing to Print 839

Cleaning Up after Printing 841

Preparing the Device Context 841

Printing the Document 842

Getting a Printout of the Document 846

Summary 847

CHAPTER 18: PROGRAMMING WINDOWS 8 APPS 849

Understanding Windows 8 Apps 850

Developing Windows 8 Apps 851

Windows Runtime Concepts 852

WinRT Namespaces 852

WinRT Objects 852

C++ Component Extensions (C++/CX) 853

C++/CX Namespaces 853

Defining WinRT Class Types 854

Variables of Ref Class Types 857

Accessing Members of a Ref Class Object 857

Event Handler Functions 858

Casting Ref Class References 858

The eXtensible Application Markup

Language (XAML) 859

XAML Elements 859

UI Elements in XAML 861

Attached Properties 864

Parents and Children 865

Control Elements 865

Layout Elements 865

Handling Events for UI Elements 866

Creating a Windows 8 App 867

Application Files 867

Defining the User Interface 868

Creating the Title 870

Adding Game Controls 872

Creating a Grid to Contain the Cards 874

Defining a Card 875

Creating a Card 875

Adding Event Handling 877

Creating All the Cards 878

Implementing Game Operations 879

Defining the Card Class 880

Adding Data Members to the MainPage Class 881

Adding Function Members 882

Initialize the MainPage Object 883

Initializing the Card Pack 884

Setting Up the Child Elements of cardGrid 884

Initializing the Game 886

Shuffl ing the Cards 889

Highlighting the UI Cards 889

Handling Card Back Events 890

Handling Shape Events 892

Recognizing a Win 894

Handling Game Control Button Events 895

Scaling UI Elements 897

Transitions 899

Application Startup Transitions 899

Storyboard Animations 900

Summary 902

INDEX 905

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