Jerusalem in the Time of the Crusades:

Serving as both a scholarly account of Jerusalem's archaeology and a useful guide for the interested reader, this work illuminates the turbulent past of a city which is both medieval in appearance and a modern city at the center of international and religious interest. This expansive new work examines the history of the city and its unique society as well as presents archaeological evidence for Crusader Jerusalem.

List of plates

ix

List of figures and maps

xi

Acknowledgements

xii

Abbreviations used in the notes

xiii

Chronological summary

xiv

Map of Jerusalem in the Crusader Period

xvi

Introduction

1

(2)

PART I: THE MEDIEVAL CITY

3

(38)

The Physical Setting

5

(3)

Background to the Crusader Period

8

(13)

Jerusalem on the eve of the Crusades

8

(1)

Conquest and occupation in the twelfth century

9

(4)

Revival

13

(2)

The fall of Crusader Jerusalem

15

(4)

The thirteenth-century episode

19

(2)

Administration

21

(9)

Lay institutions and administration

21

(2)

Ecclesiastical institutions and administration

23

(3)

The military orders

26

(4)

Events in the Life of the City

30

(4)

Education and Intellectual Life

34

(1)

The Population

35

(6)

Classes

36

(1)

Communities

37

(4)

PART II: THE PHYSICAL REMAINS OF CRUSADER JERUSALEM

41

(148)

The Fortifications

43

(30)

The forewall (antimuralis)

46

(1)

The Templars' wall

47

(1)

The moat

48

(1)

The main curtain wall

48

(1)

Gates and gate towers

49

(14)

Gates of the Temple Mount

63

(5)

Towers

68

(5)

The Citadel

73

(6)

The Royal Palaces

79

(4)

The Quarters of the City

83

(11)

The Patriarch's Quarter (Quarterium Patriarchae)

83

(2)

The Hospitallers' Quarter

85

(3)

The Syrian Quarter (Juiverie/Judaria/Judearia)

88

(1)

The Armenian Quarter

88

(1)

The German Quarter

89

(1)

The Temple Mount, Augustinian Monastery and the Templars' Quarter

89

(5)

Outside the Walls

94

(8)

Extramural buildings and foundations

94

(3)

The surrounding countryside

97

(5)

The Churches and Monasteries

102

(32)

The major Crusader churches

102

(19)

Churches of the Hospitallers

121

(4)

Churches of the Germans

125

(1)

The Armenian churches

126

(2)

Other churches of the Eastern Rite

128

(3)

Other churches

131

(1)

Hermitages: the Vicus Hermetarum

132

(2)

Streets and Squares

134

(8)

Roads leading to the City

135

(1)

Streets inside the City

136

(4)

Squares

140

(2)

Markets

142

(14)

The open markets

142

(1)

Market streets and halls

143

(13)

Other Public Works

156

(9)

Hospitals and hospices

156

(5)

Bathhouses

161

(2)

Stables

163

(1)

Archery grounds

164

(1)

Urban Industry, Crafts, Trades and Institutions of Commerce and Finance

165

(4)

Industry and commerce

165

(2)

Financial institutions

167

(2)

Private Space

169

(2)

Water Sources and the Communal Water Supply

171

(7)

Springs

171

(2)

Aqueducts

173

(1)

Open reservoirs

173

(3)

Cisterns

176

(1)

Wells

177

(1)

Fountains

177

(1)

Sewage and Drainage

178

(2)

Burial Inside and Outside the City

180

(9)

The royal burials

180

(1)

Tombs in the Chapel of the Forty Martyrs and the Chapel of St James

181

(1)

The Tomb of Philip d'Aubigne in the Parvis of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre

182

(1)

Burials on the Temple Mount

182

(1)

Melisende's tomb and Crusader burials in the Valley of Jehoshaphat

183

(1)

Burial in the German Hospital

183

(1)

Graveyard of the knights who fell during the First Crusade

183

(1)

Mount Zion

183

(1)

The Mamilla Cemetery

184

(3)

The charnel house north of St Stephen's Gate

187

(1)

Other burials

187

(2)

PART III: ART AND THE CRUSADER LEGACY

189

(13)

Medieval Art in Jerusalem

191

(8)

Sculpture

191

(3)

Monumental wall painting and mosaics

194

(1)

Manuscript illumination and the Jerusalem Scriptorium

194

(3)

Gold and silverwork

197

(2)

Jerusalem in Medieval Art

199

(3)

Jerusalem on medieval maps

199

(1)

Buildings of Jerusalem represented on coins, seals, ampullae and manuscript illumination

200

(2)

Conclusion

202

(2)

Notes

204

(48)

Sources and bibliography

252

(13)

Index

265

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Jerusalem in the Time of the Crusades: Society, Landscape and Art in the Holy City under Frankish Rule

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials