- ISBN: 9780134055732 | 013405573X
- Cover: Paperback
- Copyright: 10/18/2016
A broad, integrative, unique overview of group dynamics, Joining Together bridges the gap between theory, research, and practice, and combines a conceptual understanding of group dynamics with what’s needed to develop effective small group skills. In it readers are involved in the content that combines the theoretical and empirical knowledge now available on group dynamics with practical ways to apply that knowledge in groups to which readers actually belong. Constructed so that the theory and research on group dynamics is taught experientially through exercises and simulations included in the book, Joining Together provides the ideal combination for ensuring success in working with groups.
All important areas of group dynamics are included, from the history of the field to decision making and conflict management, and applied chapters focus on such practical areas as valuing diversity, cooperative learning, leading counseling groups, and team development and training. Accessible, clear, and practical, it gives students the tools and skills they need to be effective group members and to ensure the effectiveness of any group to which they belong.
David W. Johnson is an Emeritus Professor of Educational Psychology at the University of Minnesota. He is Co-Director of the Cooperative Learning Center. He received his doctoral degree from Columbia University. He has authored over 500 research articles and book chapters. He is the author of over 50 books. He is a past-editor of the American Educational Research Journal. He held the Emma M. Birkmaier Professorship in Educational Leadership at the University of Minnesota from 1994 to 1997 and the Libra Endowed Chair for Visiting Professor at the University of Maine in 1996-1997. He received the American Psychological Association’s 2003 Award for Distinguished Contributions of Applications of Psychology to Education and Practice. In 2007 he received (with his brother Roger) Brock International Prize in Education administered by the College of Liberal Studies at the University of Oklahoma. In 2008 he received the Distinguished Contributions to Research in Education Award from the American Education Research Association. In 2010 he received the Jeffrey Rubin Theory To Practice Award, awarded by the International Association for Conflict Management and the Program on Negotiation at the Harvard Law School. In 2011 he received the A. M. Wellner Lifetime Achievement Award from the National Register of Health Service Providers in Psychology. For the past 40 years Dr. Johnson has served as an organizational consultant to schools and businesses throughout the world. He is a practicing psychotherapist.
Frank P. Johnson graduated from Ball State University with a Bachelor of Science in Education and received a Masters of Divinity from Andover Newton Theological School in Boston and his Doctor in Ministry degree from Louisville Presbyterian Theological School. He has 35 years experience in the field of Applied Behavioral Science, with professional recognition from NTL Institute of Applied Behavioral Science, Association for Creative Change, Consultant/Trainers Southwest, and the Mid-Atlantic Association for Training and Consulting. He was employed for 13 years at the University of Maryland Counseling Center, teaching group counseling, and, during that time was a Clinical Assistant Professor in the Maryland School of Psychiatry and Human Behavior. He has written many journal articles, contributed chapters to books, and is the co-author of Joining Together: Group Theory and Group Skills. He has been a consultant with a variety of organizations, including educational, governmental, religious, and industrial. From 1984 - 1996 he was employed at Ethyl Corporation as a Human Resources Development Associate. Since his retirement from Ethyl, he has served as an Interim Minister in several churches and is now employed as a Chaplain for Canon Hospice in Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
Brief Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1 Group Dynamics 1
CHAPTER 2 Experiential Learning 46
CHAPTER 3 Group Goals, Social Interdependence, and Trust 69
CHAPTER 4 Communication Within Groups 137
CHAPTER 5 Leadership 171
CHAPTER 6 Using Power 210
CHAPTER 7 Decision Making 257
CHAPTER 8 Controversy and Creativity 315
CHAPTER 9 Managing Conflicts of Interest 371
CHAPTER 10 Valuing Diversity 435
CHAPTER 11 Group Dynamics, Democracy, and Peace 000
CHAPTER 12 Cooperative Learning in the Classroom 467
CHAPTER 13 Leading Growth and Counseling Groups 494
CHAPTER 14 Team Development, Team Training 519
CHAPTER 15 Epilogue 548
Detailed Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1 Group Dynamics 1
Basic Concepts to Be Covered in This Chapter 1
Group Dynamics and Me 2
What Is a Group? 5
The Importance of Groups 11
Group Structure 14
Creating Productive Groups 18
How to Create an Effective Group 24
The Development of Groups Over Time 27
The Field of Group Dynamics 34
Online Groups 40
The Nature of this text and how to Use it 42
Summary 45
CHAPTER 2 Experiential Learning 46
Basic Concepts to Be Covered in This Chapter 46
Procedural Learning 47
Action Theories 48
Gaining Expertise Through Experiential Learning 50
Experiential Learning and Motivation 53
Learning Group Skills 54
Role Playing 57
Learning How to Be a Participant–Observer 58
Conducting Skill-Training Exercises 61
Ethics of Experiential Learning 65
Summary 67
CHAPTER 3 Group Goals, Social Interdependence, and Trust 69
Basic Concepts to Be Covered in This Chapter 69
Introduction 70
What Is a Goal? 73
Start with Goals 76
Clarity of Goals 78
Operational Goals 78
Performance and Mastery Goals 79
Group Goals and Level of Aspiration 80
Dealing with Hidden Agendas 81
Helping Groups Set Effective Goals 82
Group Goals and Social Interdependence Among Members 88
Outcomes of Social Interdependence 93
Effort to Achieve 95
Positive Relationships and Social Support 98
Psychological Health and Self-Esteem 101
Reciprocal Relationships among the Three Outcomes 108
Mediating Variables: The Basic Elements of Cooperation 108
The Stability of Cooperation 116
Using Technology to Enhance Cooperation 116
Distributive Justice: The Allocation of Benefits Among Group Members 120
Conditions for Constructive Individualistic Efforts 123
Mixed-Motive Situations 124
Developing and Maintaining Trust 129
Summary 135
CHAPTER 4 Communication Within Groups 137
Basic Concepts to Be Covered in This Chapter 137
Introduction and Definitions 138
Group Communication 140
Sending and Receiving Messages 142
Communication in a Problem-Solving Group 152
Interaction Analysis 152
Communication Networks 160
Communication Patterns in an Authority Hierarchy 161
Influences on Effectiveness of Group Communication 166
Effects of Cooperation and Competition on Communication 166
Physical Influences on Communication 167
Seating Arrangements 168
Humor 168
Summary 169
CHAPTER 5 Leadership 171
Basic Concepts to Be Covered in This Chapter 171
What Is Leadership? 172
Trait Theories of Leadership 181
Leadership Styles 186
Influence Theory of Leadership 189
Role Position/Group Structure Approach to Leadership 190
Situational Theories of Leadership 195
Organizational Leadership 199
What If You Do Not Want to Be a Leader? 203
Summary 209
CHAPTER 6 Using Power 210
Basic Concepts to Be Covered in This Chapter 210
Introduction 211
What Is Power? 214
The Dynamic-Interdependence View of Power 216
Mobilizing Power to Achieve Goals 220
The Trait-Factor Approach to Power 223
The Bases of Power 226
Conflict Model of Social Influence 229
Power and Problem Solving 232
Unequal Power 235
Group Norms: Indirect Power 248
The Group Mind 251
Individual Versus Relationship Perspectives 254
Summary 255
CHAPTER 7 Decision Making 257
Basic Concepts to Be Covered in This Chapter 257
Making Effective Decisions 258
Individual Versus Group Decision Making 261
Methods of Decision Making 275
Factors Enhancing Group Decision Making 284
Factors Hindering Group Decision Making 284
Considered and Thoughtful Decision Making 298
Potential Problems in Decision Making 306
Problems with Theorizing on Decision Making 308
Summary 314
CHAPTER 8 Controversy and Creativity 315
Basic Concepts to Be Covered in This Chapter 315
Controversy and Decision Making 316
Nature of Controversy 316
Theory of Constructive Controversy 333
Process of Controversy 333
Outcomes of Controversy 340
Conditions Determining the Constructiveness of Controversy 347
Inquiry-Based Advocacy 350
Minority Influence, Controversy, And Decision Making 350
Structuring Constructive Controversies 352
Being A Citizen In A Democracy 352
In Conclusion 353
Creativity 356
Developing and Fostering Creativity 359
Open Versus Closed Belief Systems 362
Brainstorming 364
Summary 369
CHAPTER 9 Managing Conflicts of Interest 371
Basic Concepts to Be Covered in This Chapter 371
Conflict-Positive Group 372
Nature of Conflicts of Interest 372
Conflicts Can be Destructive or Constructive 373
Conflict and Aggression 375
Conflict Management Strategies: What Are you Like? 378
Controlling the Occurrence of Conflicts 382
The Nature of Negotiations 383
Two Types of Negotiating 386
The Integrative Negotiating Procedure 392
Defining the Conflict As a Mutual Problem 395
Try, Try Again 409
Negotiating in Good Faith 412
Refusal Skills: This Issue Is Nonnegotiable 412
Intergroup Conflict 415
Third-Party Mediation 429
Summary 434
CHAPTER 10 Valuing Diversity 435
Basic Concepts to Be Covered in This Chapter 435
Introduction 436
DIVERSITY 440
The Value of Diversity 441
Barriers to Interacting with Diverse Peers 444
Attribution Theory 450
Making Member Diversity a Strength 453
Summary 458
CHAPTER 11 Group Dynamics, Democracy, and Peace 000
Introduction 000
Group Dynamics and Peace 000
Ways of Establishing Peace 000
Role of Group Dynamics in Establishing and Maintaining Consensual Peace 000
CHAPTER 12 Cooperative Learning in the Classroom 467
Basic Concepts to Be Covered in This Chapter 467
Nature of Cooperative Learning 468
Formal Cooperative Learning: Being “A Guide on the Side” 470
Preinstructional Decisions 473
Explaining the Task and Cooperative Structure 478
Monitoring and Intervening 480
Evaluating Learning and Processing Interaction 483
Informal Cooperative Learning Groups 484
Using Informal Cooperative Learning 485
Base Groups 487
Integrated Use of All Three Goal Structures 489
The Cooperative School 491
Summary 492
CHAPTER 13 Leading Growth and Counseling Groups 494
Basic Concepts to Be Covered in This Chapter 494
Introduction 495
Types of Therapeutic Groups 495
The Unique Power of Group Experiences 502
Importance of Disclosing Emotions 507
Leading a Growth Group 509
Conceptual Frameworks, Feelings, and Intuition 514
Growth Groups and Participant Anxiety 516
Costs of Growth and Therapy Groups 516
Comparative Effectiveness 517
Summary 517
CHAPTER 14 Team Development, Team Training 519
Basic Concepts to Be Covered in This Chapter 519
Introduction 520
What Is a Team? 521
Organizational Context 525
Organizational Development 526
Building Productive Teams 530
Assessing Quality of Work 534
Run Chart 538
Use of Teams in Training Programs 541
Total Quality Management 542
Dealing with Problem Behaviors in Teams 544
Summary 546
CHAPTER 15 Epilogue 548
Guidelines for Creating Effective Groups 549
Learning Group Skills 551
Summary 552
Appendix: Answers 553
Glossary 567
References 581
Name Index 641
Subject Index 651
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