Judgments on History and Historians

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ISBN: 9780865972063 | 0865972060
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 3/1/1999

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Renowned for his 'Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy' and 'Reflections on History', Jacob Burckhardt (1818-97) has been described as "the most civilised historian of the nineteenth century". "Judgments on History and Historians" consists of records collected by Emil Dürr from Burckhardt's lecture notes for history courses at the University of Basel from 1865 to 1885. The 149 brief sections span five eras: Antiquity, the Middle Ages, History from 1450 to 1598, the History of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries, and the Age of Revolution.

Foreword

xvii

Translator's Preface

xxiii

I. ANTIQUITY

Ancient History and Its Scope

(1)

On the Intellectual Indispensability of Studying Ancient History

(2)

The Limits of Civilization of Barbarism

(1)

Why Today's ``Educated Man'' Can No Longer Understand Antiquity

(2)

The Historical Significance of Egypt

(1)

The Phoenicians as the Earliest Creators of πoλειζ (Polis)

(1)

On Carthage

(1)

Athens

(1)

Rome and Its Mission in World History

(5)

On the Roman Empire in Its First Two Centuries

(10)

II. THE MIDDLE AGES

On the Middle Ages

(8)

On Early Christianity

(3)

Christianity as a Martyr Religion

(1)

On Asceticism and Its Position

(2)

The Spread of Nicene Christianity

(1)

The Church

(3)

Julian and the Prospect for a Restoration of Paganism

(1)

Western European Arianism and the Jews

(1)

The Breakup of the Western Empire

(1)

The Achievement of Clovis I

(1)

Mohammed as the Founder of a Religion, and Islam

(4)

The Despotism of Islam

(1)

Islam and Its Effects

(1)

The Two Main Realities for the Papacy of the Eighth Century

(1)

Charlemagne

(2)

The Normans

(1)

The Byzantine Empire and Its Mission

(1)

On the Iconoclastic Controversy

(3)

On the Crusades

(2)

The Sorrows and Sacrifices of the Crusades

(1)

On the Evaluation of the Later Middle Ages

(2)

III. HISTORY FROM 1450 TO 1598

The Period from 1450 to 1598 and the Nineteenth Century's View of It

(13)

England in the Late Middle Ages

(1)

On Richard III

(3)

On the Wars of the Roses and on Scotland

(2)

Burgundy

(1)

Charles the Bold of Burgundy

(1)

France and the Idea of Unification

(1)

Louis XI

(1)

The German Imperial Power Under Frederick III

(1)

The Ottomans

(1)

The Republic of Florence

(1)

On the War of 1494

(3)

On the Power of the Papacy

(1)

Italy and the Rest of Europe

(4)

Spain and Portugal

(2)

The Beginning of the Reformation: General Considerations

101

(2)

On Luther

103

(1)

On the German Reformation: Its Causes and Spiritual Consequences

104

(2)

On the Reformation: Protestantism and Tradition---The Intolerance of the New Doctrine

106

(2)

On the Reformation: The Establishment of So-Called Spiritual Freedom

108

(2)

On the Reformation: The Masses, Their Motives and Consequences---Luther

110

(2)

On the Reformation: Governments---Confiscation of Property and Dogmatism---Church and State

112

(4)

The Origin of the Territorial Churches

116

(2)

On the Reformation After 1526: The Inevitable Caesaropapism

118

(1)

On the Coming of the Reformation: The Reformation and the Fate of Art

119

(2)

On the Situation of the Catholic Church: The Direct Effect of the Reformation

121

(1)

On Zwingli's Late Period

122

(2)

Charles V and Francis I

124

(1)

On Charles V

125

(3)

On Henry VIII

128

(1)

Gustavus Vasa

128

(1)

The Community of the Elect

129

(2)

On Calvin

131

(4)

On Protestantism in France

135

(1)

German Culture Around 1555

136

(2)

On Camoens' Lusiads

138

(2)

On the Counter Reformation

140

(1)

St. Ignatius Loyola

141

(1)

The Jesuits

142

(1)

The Jesuits and the Papacy

143

(1)

The Third Council of Trent (1562--1563)

144

(3)

The Popes of the Counter Reformation

147

(1)

On the German Counter Reformation

147

(1)

France in the Year 1562

147

(1)

After St. Bartholomew's Night

148

(3)

Murder as an Expedient

151

(1)

The Special Character of the French Court

151

(1)

On the Conversion of Henry IV

152

(2)

Holland

154

(1)

Mary Stuart

155

(2)

On Elizabeth of England

157

(2)

The Age of Elizabeth

159

(3)

IV. HISTORY OF HTE SEVENTEENTH AND EIGHTEENTH CENTURIES

Introduction to the History of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (1598--1763)

162

(20)

The Character of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries

182

(1)

The Huguenots Under Henry IV

183

(1)

Gomarists and Arminians

184

(1)

Powers and Society in Europe Before the Thirty Years' War

185

(1)

Italy in the Seventeenth Century

186

(2)

Richelieu

188

(4)

On Germany's Situation Before the Thirty Years' War

192

(1)

The Swedes in Germany

193

(2)

On Wallenstein's End

195

(2)

The Great Elector

197

(1)

England Before the First Revolution

197

(2)

English Royalty and Its Task

199

(1)

Cromwell

200

(3)

The Fronde and the French Aristocracy

203

(1)

The Fronde and the Parlement of Paris

204

(2)

On Mazarin

206

(1)

Styles of Life and Art Around 1650

207

(1)

Sweden Under King Charles X Gustavus

208

(1)

The Age of Unlimited Princely Power

209

(1)

On Louis XIV

210

(1)

Louis XIV as Lord of the Church

211

(1)

The French Spirit of Uniformity and the Huguenots

212

(1)

Louis XIV Prior to the War of the Spanish Succession

213

(2)

On the Second English Revolution

215

(1)

England's Defense Against Militarism

216

(1)

On the Characteristics of the Seventeenth Century

217

(1)

Russia

218

(2)

England After George I

220

(1)

Frederick the Great

221

(2)

V. THE AGE OF REVOLUTION

Introduction to the History of the Age of Revolution

223

(20)

The Period of Reform from Above

243

(2)

Absolution in the North

245

(1)

On the North American Revolutionary War

245

(2)

England

247

(1)

On Small States

247

(1)

On the Dissolution of the Jesuit Order

248

(1)

The Intellectual Situation Prior to 1789

248

(1)

German and French Intellectual Development in the Eighteenth Century

249

(1)

On Rousseau and His Utopia

250

(1)

The Political Situation in France Before the Revolution

251

(1)

The Destiny of the French Revolution

252

(1)

On Mirabeau

253

(1)

The Clergy

254

(1)

The Legislative Assembly and the Clubs

255

(2)

On the 10th of August, 1792

257

(1)

On the September Massacres

257

(2)

Before and After the Dissolution of the Convention

259

(4)

On the Trial of Louis XVI

263

(1)

Girondists and Jacobins

264

(2)

The Omnipotence of Utterly Unscrupulous Parties

266

(1)

How a Government Becomes Exceedingly Strong

266

(1)

Socialism? Communism?

266

(1)

The Innermost Core of the Revolution

266

(1)

Rousseau's Concept of Music and the Destruction of Churches

267

(1)

On Robespierre

267

(1)

Before the 9th Thermidor (July 27, 1794)

268

(1)

On the Mutual Destruction of the Revolutionary Factions

269

(1)

On the 18th Fructidor (September 4, 1797)

270

(2)

Bonaparte and the 18th Fructidor

272

(1)

How Aristocracies and Princes Succumb

273

(1)

On the Invasion of Switzerland by the French

273

(2)

Old Bern and Why It Is Hated

275

(1)

On the 18th Brumaire (November 9, 1799) and the Consulate

275

(1)

On Napoleon

276

(1)

Napoleon I and His Russian Campaign

276

(3)

Index

279

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Judgments on History and Historians

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