Just Wages for Women

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ISBN: 9780198265887 | 0198265883
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 1/8/1998

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This book offers a convincing account of the failures of the current approach adopted in the UK for the securing of more equitable arrangements on pay and provides valuable insights into approaches adopted in other parts of the world.

List of Tables

xix

(4)

List of Figures

xxiii

(2)

Table of Cases

xxv

(7)

Table of Legislation

xxxii

(5)

List of Abbreviations

xxxvii

1 Introduction

(16)

I Current Equal Pay Law

(11)

(a) Claiming Equal Pay

(2)

(b) `Like Work', `Work Rated as Equivalent', and `Work of Equal Value'

(5)

(3)

II Conclusion

(2)

2 Women in the Labour Market

(66)

I Introduction: Women at Work: Change and Diversity

(4)

II Women's Jobs

(19)

(a) Full-Time Women Workers

(6)

Introduction

(1)

Industrial Segregation

(2)

Occupational Segregation

(3)

(b) Part-Time Women Workers

(5)

Introduction

(1)

Industrial Segregation

(2)

Occupational Segregation

(2)

(6)

Introduction

(3)

Industrial Segregation

(2)

Occupational Segregation

(1)

(d) Women and Workplace Segregation

(2)

III Women and Pay

(20)

(a) Introduction

(1)

(b) Full-time Women Workers

(7)

Industrial Segregation and Pay

(4)

Occupational Segregation and Pay

(3)

(5)

Industrial Segregation and Pay

(4)

Occupational Segregation and Pay

(1)

(d) Ethnic Minority Women

(7)

Introduction

(4)

Industrial Segregation and Pay

(1)

Occupational Segregation and Pay

(2)

IV Women and Work Special Factors Affecting Women

(21)

(a) Introduction

(2)

(b) Women, Work, and Family Responsibilities

(10)

Introduction

(4)

The Impact of Part-Time Working

(2)

Motherhood and Class

(1)

Lone Mothers

(3)

(5)

(d) The Impact of Employment Policies on Women

(4)

V Conclusion

(2)

3 The Equal Pay Act 1970

(34)

I A History

(12)

(a) Introduction

(4)

(b) The Equal Pay (No 2) Bill of 1970

(3)

(5)

II Shortcomings of the Equal Pay Act 1970

(22)

(a) Individual Mechanisms

(11)

Establishing Equivalence

(3)

The Employers' Defence--Disguised and Indirect Discrimination

100

(8)

(b) The Collective Mechanism

108

(9)

4 Equal Pay -- The European Dimension

117

(36)

I Introduction

117

(2)

II Impact of EC Law

119

(11)

(a) Direct Impact

119

(5)

(b) The Equal Pay (Amendment) Regulations 1983--`Work of Equal Value'

124

(6)

III The Impact of the Equal Value Claim

130

(6)

IV Deficiencies in the Existing Legislation

136

(15)

(a) The Legislation

137

(7)

Workplace Focus

137

(1)

Comparator-Based Approach

137

(2)

The Cost of `Equal Pay'

139

(1)

Individualistic Approach

140

(2)

Overview

142

(2)

(b) Judicial Application

144

(7)

Delays

144

(3)

Indirect Discrimination

147

(1)

Respect for Existing Pay Structures

147

(4)

V Conclusion

151

(2)

5 The Sex Discrimination Act 1975 and Race Relations Act 1976

153

(61)

I Introduction

153

(3)

II Provisions of the 1975 and 1976 Acts

156

(8)

(a) The Scope of `Discrimination'

156

(2)

Discriminatory Advertisements and Practices, Instructions, Inducement, and Assistance

157

(1)

Employers' Vicarious Liability

157

(1)

(b) Prohibited Discrimination

158

(1)

Discrimination by Employers

158

(1)

158

(3)

(d) Relationship with the Equal Pay Act

161

(1)

The Sex Discrimination Act

161

(1)

The Race Relations Act

162

(1)

(e) Enforcement and Remedies

162

(1)

(f) The EOC and CRE

163

(1)

III Impact of the Acts

164

(13)

(a) Introduction

164

(3)

(b) Changes in Occupational and Industrial Segregation

167

(8)

Occupational Segregation

168

(4)

Increases in Female Occupations

172

(1)

Changes in Industrial Segregation

172

(1)

Increases in Female Industries

173

(2)

175

(1)

(d) Ethnic Minority Women

176

(1)

IV `Choice' or Discrimination?

177

(8)

(a) Indirect Discrimination

182

(2)

(b) Discrimination and Expectations

184

(1)

V Shortcomings of the Acts

185

(27)

(a) Individual Enforcement

186

(5)

Victimization

186

(2)

Proving Discrimination

188

(2)

EOC/CRE Assistance

190

(1)

(b) Difficulties in Interpretation

191

(16)

Direct Discrimination

193

(3)

Sexual/Racial Harassment

193

(1)

Clothing and Appearance Rules

194

(2)

Sex Discrimination Act

196

(3)

Pregnancy/Maternity

196

(1)

Part-Time Work

197

(1)

Race and Religion

197

(1)

Race Discrimination in Pay

198

(1)

Indirect Discrimination

199

(4)

`Requirement or Condition'

199

(1)

Detrimental Impact

200

(2)

Justification

202

(1)

Time Limits and Remedies

203

(4)

207

(5)

Positive Action

208

(1)

EOC/CRE Action

209

(3)

VI Conclusion

212

(2)

6 Discrimination and Pay

214

(69)

I Introduction

214

(1)

II Locating Women's Underpayment

215

(7)

(a) Same Work, Different Wages

215

(6)

Seniority

215

(1)

Hours

216

(1)

Discretionary Pay Systems

217

(2)

Sex Segregation

219

(2)

(b) Different Work, Different Wages

221

(1)

III Explaining the Gender-Pay Gap

222

(32)

(a) Supply-Side Explanations

224

(3)

Human Capital Theory

224

(2)

Compensating Differentials

226

(1)

(b) Economists' Approach to `Discrimination'

227

(1)

228

(12)

Skill

229

(1)

Training

230

(2)

Education

232

(2)

Productivity

234

(1)

Experience

235

(3)

Conclusions

238

(2)

(d) Evaluating the `Compensating Differentials' Approach

240

(2)

(e) Alternative Approaches to the Gender-Wage Gap

242

(4)

Sex Segregation

243

(3)

(f) Labour Force Segregation/Wage Discrimination

246

(8)

Sex-Segregated Labour Markets

249

(5)

IV Where Do We Go From Here?

254

(16)

(a) Discrimination and the Gender-Pay Gap

254

(9)

Vertical Segregation

257

(1)

Pay Structures

258

(4)

Workplace and Occupational Segregation

262

(1)

(b) Tackling the Effects of Discrimination on Pay

263

(7)

V Legislating Equality

270

(13)

(a) Equal Pay Legislation

278

(5)

7 Ontario: The Pay Equity Act

283

(39)

I Introduction

283

(4)

II The Pay Equity Process

287

(10)

(a) Identifying the Employer

287

(1)

(b) Identifying the Establishment

288

(1)

288

(1)

(d) Comparing Job Classes

289

(4)

General

289

(2)

Job Comparison Systems

291

(2)

Comparable Job Classes

293

(1)

(e) Determining `Pay Equity' Adjustments

293

(1)

(f) Pay Equity Plans

294

(1)

(g) Maintaining `Pay Equity'

295

(1)

(h) Challenging the `Pay Equity' Process

296

(1)

III The Impact of the Pay Equity Act

297

(15)

(a) Initial Impact

297

(2)

(b) Lack of Comparators

299

(4)

303

(1)

(d) Job Evaluation

304

(2)

(e) Low Paid Male Job Classes

306

(1)

(f) Level of Adjustments

307

(3)

(g) The Impact of Trade Unions on `Pay Equity'

310

(2)

IV The Amendments

312

(7)

(a) Proportional and Proxy Comparisons

312

(4)

(b) Implementation of the Amended Act

316

(3)

V Conclusions

319

(3)

8 Collective Bargaining and Equal Pay

322

(32)

I Introduction

322

(5)

II Australia's Wage-Setting System

327

(25)

(a) Introduction

327

(1)

(b) Traditional Approach

328

(7)

Institutionalized Discrimination

330

(2)

The Advent of Equal Pay

332

(3)

335

(1)

(d) Explaining Australia's Gender-Pay Gap

336

(8)

Shortcomings of the `Equality' Approach

336

(7)

Collective Bargaining and the Gender-Pay Gap

343

(1)

(e) The Threat to Australian Women's Pay

344

(6)

Legislative Change

344

(5)

Enterprise Bargaining and Women's Wages

349

(1)

(f) Anti-Discrimination Legislation

350

(2)

III Conclusion

352

(2)

9 Minimum Wage Regulation

354

(37)

I Introduction

354

(5)

II Minimum Wage Regulation in the United Kingdom

359

(32)

(a) Introduction

359

(1)

(b) History of Minimum Wage Regulation in the United Kingdom

359

(12)

Wages Councils

359

(7)

Fair Wages Resolutions

366

(1)

Other Wage-Fixing Mechanisms

367

(4)

371

(18)

Wages Councils

372

(7)

Fair Wages Resolutions

379

(6)

Other Wage-Fixing Mechanisms

385

(4)

(d) Conclusions--Minimum Wage Regulation and Equal Pay

389

(2)

10 Conclusion

391

(24)

I Introduction

391

(3)

II Changing the Gender-Pay Gap

394

(13)

(a) Equal Pay Legislation

394

(4)

(b) Collective Bargaining

398

(2)

400

(7)

III Conclusion

407

(8)

Bibliography

415

(26)

Index

441

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Just Wages for Women

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