Komatiite

, by Nicholas Arndt , C. Michael Lesher , Steve J. Barnes

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ISBN: 9780521874748 | 0521874742
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 7/28/2008

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Komatiites erupted billions of years ago as pulsating streams of white-hot lava. Their unusual chemical compositions and exceptionally high formation temperatures produced highly fluid lava that crystallized as spectacular layered flows. Investigation of the extreme conditions in which komatiites formed provides important evidence about the thermal and chemical evolution of the planet, and the nature of the Precambrian mantle. This monograph, written by three experts with long experience in the field, presents a complete account of the characteristics of komatiites including their volcanic structures, textures, mineralogy and chemical compositions. Models for their formation and eruption are evaluated (including the anhydrous vs. hydrous magmas controversy). A chapter is also devoted to the valuable nickel and copper ore deposits found in komatiites. Komatiite is a key reference for researchers and advanced students interested in petrology, Archaean geology, economic geology, and broader questions about the evolution of the Earth's crust and mantle.

Preface	p. xi
Background information - description of the field characteristics, mineralogy and geochemistry of komatiites	p. 1
A brief history of komatiite studies and a discussion of komatiite nomenclature	p. 3
The discovery and early investigations of komatiite	p. 3
More recent studies	p. 9
Nomenclature	p. 10
Komatiite lithofacies	p. 13
Conclusion	p. 15
Brief descriptions of six classic komatiite occurrences	p. 16
Introduction	p. 16
Komatiites in the Barberton greenstone belt	p. 16
Komatiites in the Abitibi greenstone belt	p. 27
Ore-bearing komatiites at Kambalda	p. 33
Komatiitic basalts on Gilmour Island	p. 40
Karasjok-type Fe-Ti-rich komatiites and picrites in Fennoscandia	p. 42
Komatiites and picrites from Gorgona Island	p. 46
Field characteristics, textures and structures	p. 53
Introduction	p. 53
Types of komatiite flows	p. 55
Dimensions of komatiite flows	p. 57
Spinifex texture	p. 61
Textural variations in layered komatiite flows	p. 67
Komatiite flows without spinifex textures	p. 79
Flows with thin spinifex layers	p. 80
Thick dunitic units	p. 84
Pillowed komatiites	p. 87
Volcaniclastic komatiites	p. 88
Komatiitic basalts	p. 92
Intrusive komatiites	p. 96
Mineralogy	p. 98
Introduction	p. 98
Primary minerals	p. 99
Secondary minerals	p. 127
Summary	p. 129
Geochemistry	p. 130
Introduction	p. 130
Olivine fractionation in komatiites	p. 131
Mobile and immobile elements: the olivine control line criterion	p. 131
Mobility of Mg	p. 141
Other approaches used to demonstrate element mobility	p. 143
Other types of mobile element behaviour	p. 148
Igneous chemistry of komatiites	p. 149
Igneous chemistry of komatiitic basalts	p. 160
Isotopic compositions of komatiites	p. 167
Introduction	p. 167
The Rb-Sr system	p. 167
The Sm-Nd system	p. 171
U-Pb and Pb-Pb methods	p. 182
The Re-Os system	p. 185
The Lu-Hf system	p. 188
Helium isotopes	p. 192
Stable isotopes	p. 194
Conclusions emerging from the isotopic compositions of komatiites	p. 200
Experimental petrology	p. 202
Introduction	p. 202
Experiments at 1 atm pressure	p. 202
Partition coefficients from experimental studies	p. 213
Experiments at moderate pressures (1-4 GPa)	p. 217
High-pressure experiments on komatiites	p. 218
Trace-element partitioning at high pressures	p. 226
Dynamic cooling experiments	p. 227
Huppert and Sparks' experiments	p. 229
Summary and implications for komatiite petrogenesis	p. 230
Interpretation - the manner of emplacement, the origin and the tectonic setting of komatiites	p. 233
Physical properties of komatiites	p. 235
Introduction	p. 235
Temperature	p. 236
Crystallization interval	p. 238
Viscosity	p. 238
Density	p. 241
Other thermal properties	p. 242
Physical volcanology (by S.J. Barnes and C.M. Lesher)	p. 243
Introduction	p. 243
Nomenclature and terminology	p. 244
Komatiite facies	p. 245
Komatiite flows and flow fields: size, structure and emplacement processes	p. 250
Crystallization of komatiite liquids and the origin of distinctive komatiite textures	p. 265
Models for the emplacement and solidification of komatiite flows	p. 277
What did komatiite volcanoes look like?	p. 288
Concluding comments	p. 294
Komatiite-associated Ni-Cu-PGE deposits (by C.M. Lesher and S.J. Barnes)	p. 295
Introduction	p. 295
General characteristics	p. 296
Type I deposits	p. 299
Type II deposits	p. 314
Type V deposits	p. 317
Compositions of komatiite-hosted sulfide ores	p. 320
Origin of komatiite-associated ores	p. 323
Exploration guidelines	p. 326
The hydrous komatiite hypothesis	p. 328
Introduction	p. 328
Development of the hypothesis	p. 329
Extrusive Barberton komatiites: papers by J. Dann published in 2000 and 2001	p. 339
Elaboration of the subduction zone model: papers by Parman et al. and Grove and Parman published between 2001 and 2004	p. 340
Other papers discussing the hydrous komatiite model	p. 344
A critical evaluation of the hydrous komatiite model	p. 349
Compositions and eruption temperatures of komatiitic liquids	p. 352
Introduction	p. 352
Methods used to estimate liquid compositions	p. 352
Petrogenesis of komatiite	p. 363
Nature of the komatiite source	p. 363
What does it take to make an ultramafic magma?	p. 365
Conditions of melting	p. 368
The formation of various types of komatiite	p. 373
The formation of komatiitic and tholeiitic basalts	p. 386
Summary	p. 388
Geodynamic setting	p. 390
Introduction	p. 390
The geodynamic setting of Archean greenstone belts	p. 405
A mantle plume does not know what it will meet at the surface	p. 407
Passage through the lithosphere	p. 409
The setting of komatiitic volcanism	p. 411
Conclusions	p. 413
References	p. 415
General index	p. 459
Localities	p. 466
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Komatiite

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