LA Nina and Its Impacts

The phenomenon known as 'La Niäa' relates to air-sea interaction and cold water surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. Whilst there is less public awareness of this phenomenon compared to its counterpart 'El Niäo', the effects of 'La Niäa' can be as equally devastating. This publication is based on an expert meeting of researchers and forecasters, held at the U.S. National Centre for Atmospheric Research in Colorado. It contains papers which discuss the current state of the science of forecasting regarding this phenomenon, as well as case studies of its impact around the world and in different economic sectors.

Michael H. Glantz is a Senior Scientist in the Environmental and Societal Impacts Group (ESIG), a program at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in Boulder, Colorado

Tables and figures	p. ix
Preface	p. xiii
Acknowledgments	p. xvii
Introduction to La Nina
La Nina: An overview of the process	p. 3
El Nino, La Nina, and the climate swings of 1997-98: A review	p. 25
Definition(s) of La Nina	p. 31
Aspects of La Nina
What constitutes "normal?"	p. 39
La Nina teleconnections	p. 44
Climate change and the ENSO cycle: Are they linked?	p. 51
The symmetry issue	p. 57
Attribution of societal and environmental impacts to specific La Nina and El Nino events	p. 63
Forecasting the onset of a La Nina episode in 1998	p. 68
The identification of differences in forecasting El Nino and La Nina	p. 74
Monitoring La Nina	p. 78
Country case studies
Introduction	p. 85
North America
Energy, economics, and ENSO in the United States	p. 88
La Nina from a Canadian agriculture perspective	p. 91
The impact of ENSO on Canadian climate	p. 95
The effects of ENSO on California precipitation and water supply	p. 100
La Nina impacts on the Pacific Northwest	p. 102
ENSO forecasts and fisheries	p. 116
La Nina, El Nino, and US Atlantic hurricane damages	p. 119
Latin America
Some effects of La Nina on summer rainfall, water resources, and crops in Argentina	p. 124
La Nina effects in Ecuador	p. 134
La Nina's impacts in Cuba: The opposite side of the coin?	p. 139
The consequences of cold events for Peru	p. 146
Africa
Kenya and ENSO: An observation and La Nina prediction	p. 151
The impacts of cold events on Ethiopia	p. 158
La Nina and its impacts in South Africa during 1998-2000	p. 168
Asia and the Pacific
1998-99 La Nina in Indonesia: Forecasts and institutional responses	p. 179
La Nina and its impact on China's climate	p. 186
Impact of the 1998 La Nina on Indian monsoon rainfall	p. 190
The assessment of La Nina impacts and responses in Bangladesh	p. 194
The influence of La Nina on the rainfall of the Western Pacific	p. 199
Tropical tunas and the ENSO cycle	p. 208
La Nina and the media
The role of the media in ENSO reporting	p. 213
Forecasting ENSO in Australia: The importance of good communication	p. 219
Awareness of ENSO events in Japan	p. 223
Science and the media	p. 226
More thoughts on La Nina
La Nina and an evaluation of current ENSO forecast skill	p. 231
Cold events: Anti-El Nino?	p. 237
Further thoughts on ENSO	p. 242
Bridging the supply and demand gap in climate forecast production and use	p. 246
On the perception of probabilistic forecasts	p. 253
Frequently asked questions (FAQ) about La Nina and El Nino from NOAA's website	p. 256
Contributors	p. 261
Index	p. 264
Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved.

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