Lab Manual And Workbook for Physical

Preface. 1. Genetics. 2. Biological Classification. 3. Human Osteology. 4. Human Growth & Development. 4. Comparison of the Skeletons of Quadrupeds, Bipeds, and Brachiators. 5. Comparing the Living Primates. 6. Observation of Living Primate Behavior and Morphology. 7. Early Evolution of Primates in the Paleocene, Eocene, and Oligocene. 8. Miocene Hominoid Evolution. 9. The Early Hominids. 10. The Genus Homo. 11. Anthropometry, Nonmetric Traits, Dermatoglyphics. 12. Human Skeletal Variation and Forensic Anthropology. Appendix A: Comparison Chart of Fossil Hominids.

Preface

xiii

Supplements for Instructors

xv

Genetics

1

(46)

Objectives

1

(1)

Basic Genetics

1

(2)

DNA Replication

3

(1)

Mitosis

4

(1)

Meiosis

4

(2)

Sources of Variability

6

(1)

Solving Genetics Problems

6

(3)

Survey of Some Genetic Traits

9

(6)

Exercise 1.1 Gamete Formation

11

(1)

Exercise 1.2 Phenotype Summary

12

(1)

Exercise 1.3 Genotype Formations

13

(2)

Pedigree Analysis

15

(1)

Sex Linkage

16

(5)

Exercise 1.4 Pedigree Exercises

19

(2)

Blood Typing

21

(4)

Exercise 1.5 Blood-Type Genetics

23

(2)

Evolution and the Hardy--Weinberg Formula

25

(8)

Exercise 1.6 Population Genetics

31

(2)

Probability

33

(1)

Assortative Mating

34

(1)

Migration or Gene Flow (Hybridization)

35

(1)

Genetic Drift and Founder Effect

36

(1)

DNA Typing

37

(9)

Exercise 1.7 Population Genetics and DNA Typing

43

(3)

Reexamining the Issues

46

(1)

Biological Classification

47

(12)

Objectives

47

(1)

Introduction

47

(3)

General Mammalian Classification

50

(1)

Primate Classification

51

(7)

Exercise 2.1 Biological Classification

53

(5)

Reexamining the Issues

58

(1)

Human Osteology

59

(34)

Objectives

59

(1)

Introduction

59

(6)

Bones of the Skull

65

(7)

Postcranial Bones

72

(20)

Exercise 3.1 The Human Skeleton

87

(5)

Reexamining the Issues

92

(1)

Growth and Development

93

(18)

Objectives

93

(1)

Introduction

93

(2)

Dental and Skeletal Development from the Fetus to the Adult

95

(10)

A Final Comment

105

(5)

Exercise 4.1 Growth and Development

107

(3)

Reexamining the Issues

110

(1)

Comparison of the Skeletons of Quadrupeds, Bipeds, and Brachiators

111

(24)

Objectives

111

(1)

The Vertebral Column

111

(3)

The Cranium

114

(2)

The Pelvis

116

(1)

The Limbs

117

(11)

Measurements and Indices

128

(6)

Exercise 5.1 Comparison of Skeletons

131

(3)

Reexamining the Issues

134

(1)

Comparing the Living Primates

135

(14)

Objectives

135

(1)

Introduction

135

(3)

Postcranial Comparisons and Locomotion

138

(3)

Dental Trends through Primate Evolution

141

(7)

Exercise 6.1 Comparing Extant Primates

145

(3)

Reexamining the Issues

148

(1)

Observation of Living Primate Behavior and Morphology

149

(10)

Objectives

149

(1)

Introduction

149

(1)

Behavior Categories

150

(1)

Sampling Techniques

150

(7)

Exercise 7.1 Classification, Morphology, and Locomotion

153

(2)

Exercise 7.2 Primate Observation

155

(1)

Exercise 7.3 Checklist of Primate Behaviors

156

(1)

Reexamining the Issues

157

(2)

Early Evolution of Primates in the Paleocene, Eocene, and Oligocene

159

(16)

Objectives

159

(1)

Introduction

159

(1)

Evolutionary Theory

159

(1)

Paleocene (65-55 M.Y.A.)

160

(1)

Eocene (55-34 M.Y.A.)

161

(4)

Oligocene (34-22.5 M.Y.A.)

165

(9)

Exercise 8.1 Early Evolution of Primates

169

(5)

Reexamining the Issues

174

(1)

Miocene Hominid Evolution

175

(14)

Objectives

175

(1)

The Biomolecular Data

176

(2)

The Molecular Clock

178

(1)

The Fossil Data

178

(2)

The Early Miocene

180

(1)

The Middle and Late Miocene

181

(7)

Exercise 9.1 Miocene Hominoid Evolution

185

(3)

Reexamining the Issues

188

(1)

The Early Hominids

189

(14)

Objectives

189

(1)

Introduction

190

(1)

East African Hominids

190

(4)

The South African Australopithecines

194

(1)

Comparison of East and South African Pliocene Fossils

195

(7)

Exercise 10.1 The Early Hominids

197

(5)

Reexamining the Issues

202

(1)

The Genus Homo

203

(20)

Objectives

203

(1)

Introduction

203

(8)

Homo rudolfensis

204

(1)

Homo habilis

204

(1)

Homo ergaster

205

(1)

Homo erectus

206

(2)

Homo heidelbergensis

208

(1)

Archaic homo sapiens

208

(2)

Homo floresiensis

210

(1)

Modern homo sapiens

211

(11)

Exercise 11.1 The Genus Homo

213

(9)

Reexamining the Issues

222

(1)

Anthropometry, Nonmetric Traits, and Dermatoglyphics

223

(28)

Objectives

223

(1)

Statistical Tests

224

(2)

Metric Analysis

226

(2)

Measurement Descriptions

228

(5)

Exercise 12.1 Measurement Record

231

(2)

Osteometry

233

(10)

Exercise 12.2 Metrics and Statistical Analysis

239

(4)

Nonmetric Traits

243

(1)

Nonmetric Trait Frequencies

244

(1)

Recording Form

245

(2)

Exercise 12.3 Nonmetric Analysis

245

(2)

Dermatoglyphics

247

(3)

Exercise 12.4 Dermatoglyphics

249

(1)

Reexamining the Issues

250

(1)

Abnormalities in the Skeleton: Pathology, Anomalies, and Intentional Modification

251

(22)

Objectives

251

(1)

Introduction

251

(1)

Pathology

252

(12)

Anomalies

264

(1)

Intentional Modification

265

(7)

Exercise 13.1 Abnormalities in the Skeleton

269

(3)

Reexamining the Issues

272

(1)

Human Skeletal Variation and Forensic Anthropology

273

(52)

Objectives

273

(1)

Introduction

273

(2)

The Identification Process

275

(4)

Determination of Sex

279

(5)

Determination of Age

284

(17)

Determination of Ancestry

301

(12)

Estimation of Stature

313

(1)

Further Training in Forensic Anthropology

314

(1)

Comparison of Antemortem to Postmortem Characteristics

315

(8)

Exercise 14.1 Forensic Anthropology

317

(6)

Reexamining the Issues

323

(2)

Glossary

325

(10)

Bibliography

335

(10)

Index

345

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Lab Manual And Workbook for Physical Anthropology

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Lab Manual And Workbook for Physical Anthropology

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