Landscape Surveying

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ISBN: 9781401809614 | 1401809618
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 7/14/2003

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For professionals in agricultural mechanics, agricultural engineering or technology, it is also useful in landscape architecture and forestry programs as well as a reference for secondary agricultural instructors, this book presents the fundamentals of surveying. The principles and methods of surveying are used by many occupations ranging from simple, visual determination of a difference in elevation to more complex use of topographic maps, property boundaries, and the more precise measuring of distances and angles without assuming advanced math or engineering skills. This book helps readers determine which method is most suitable to a variety of projects.

1 Principles of Land Measurement and Surveying

(16)

Introduction

(1)

What is Surveying?

(1)

History of Surveying

(2)

Surveying Terms

(5)

Oblate Spheroid

(1)

Ellipsoid

(1)

Level

(1)

Level Surface

(1)

Difference between a Plane and a Level Surface

(1)

Vertical Lines

(1)

Vertical Plane

(1)

Horizontal Lines

(1)

Horizontal Plane

(1)

Horizontal Distance

(1)

Angle

(1)

Horizontal Angle

(1)

Vertical Angle

(1)

Benchmark

(1)

Elevation

(1)

Difference in Elevation

(1)

Backsight

(1)

Foresight

(1)

Turning Point

(1)

Common Surveying Methods

(1)

Geodetic Surveying

(1)

Plane Surveying

(1)

Common Types of Surveys

(3)

Distance Measurement

(1)

Angle Measurement

(1)

Differential Surveys

(1)

Profile Surveys

(1)

Topographic Surveys

(1)

Property Surveys

(1)

Construction Surveys

(1)

Traverse

(1)

Data Use

(1)

Accuracy and Precision

(1)

Field Notes

(1)

Field Books

(1)

Error and Error Control

(1)

Random Error

(1)

Systematic Errors

(1)

Summary

(1)

Student Activity

(1)

2 Equipment

(21)

Introduction

(1)

Categories of Equipment

(1)

Distance-Measuring Equipment

(1)

Instruments for Measuring Angles and Elevations

(1)

Accessories

(1)

Equipment for Measuring Distance

(3)

Tapes and Chains

(3)

First Foot Graduated Tapes

(1)

Extended Foot Tape

(1)

Fully Graduated Tape

(1)

Using Surveyor's Chains

(1)

Odometer Wheel

(1)

Rangefinder

(1)

Optical Rangefinder

(1)

Using an Optical Rangefinder

(1)

Electronic Rangefinder

(1)

Electronic Distance Measuring

(1)

Laser Rangefinder

(1)

Advantages and Disadvantages of EDMs

(1)

Equipment for Measuring Angles and Elevations

(6)

Hand Levels

(1)

Abney Level

(1)

Using an Abney Level

(1)

Dumpy Level

(2)

Using the Dumpy Level

(1)

Leveling a Four-Legged Instrument

(1)

Adjusting for Parallax

(1)

Automatic Level

(1)

Laser Levels

(1)

Transits

(1)

Using a Transit

(1)

Vernier Scales

(1)

Other Instruments

(1)

Electronic Transits

(1)

Construction Transit

(1)

Theodolite

(1)

Total Station

(1)

Accessories

(6)

Pins

(1)

Field Book

(2)

Standard Field Book Format

(1)

Rod

(2)

Direct Reading a Rod

(1)

Indirect Rod Reading

(1)

Extending the Rod

(1)

Using a High Rod

(1)

Reading a Rod

(1)

Target

(1)

Range Poles

(1)

Stakes/ Flags

(1)

Surveyor's Nails

(1)

Plumb Bob

(1)

Two-Way Radios

(1)

Summary

(1)

Student Activity

(3)

3 Rectangular System of Land Identification

(11)

Introduction

(1)

Metes and Bounds

(8)

Rectangular System of Land Measurement

(2)

Initial Point

(1)

Latitude and Longitude

(1)

Baseline

(1)

Principle Meridian

(1)

Standard Parallel

(1)

Guide Meridians

(1)

Convergence

(1)

Quadrangle

(1)

Townships

(1)

Sections

(7)

Parts of a Section

(1)

Lots

(1)

Student Activity

(2)

4 Distance Measuring

(12)

Introduction

(1)

Selecting the Best Method

(1)

Horizontal and Slope Distance

(1)

Difference in Elevation

(1)

Percent Slope

(1)

Vertical Angle

(1)

Equipment for Measuring Distance

(6)

Pacing

(1)

Limitations of Pacing

(1)

Chaining

(2)

Chaining Slope Distance

(1)

Chaining True Horizontal Distance

(1)

Measuring Less Than a Full Chain

(1)

Breaking Chain

(1)

Chaining Errors

(1)

Limitations of Chaining

(1)

Odometer Wheel

(1)

Advantages and Disadvantages of Odometer Wheels

(1)

Distance by Stadia

(2)

Instrument Factor

(1)

Measuring Distance by Stadia

(2)

Half-Stadia

(1)

Advantages of Stadia

(1)

Disadvantages of Stadia

(1)

Correction Factors

(2)

Calibrating an Odometer Wheel

(1)

Summary

(1)

Student Activity

(1)

5 Differential Leveling

(16)

Introduction

(1)

Leveling

(1)

Leveling with an Instrument

(2)

Reference Line

(1)

Reference Plane

(1)

Balancing the sights

(1)

Differential Leveling

(10)

Comparing Points

(1)

Establishing Benchmarks

(1)

Turning Points

(3)

Differential Example

(1)

Differential Data Table

(1)

Three Checks for Error

(2)

Closing the Loop

(2)

Note Check

(1)

Allowable Error of Closure

(1)

Differential Leveling Example

(3)

Summary

(1)

Student Activity

(1)

6 Profile Leveling

(11)

Introduction

(1)

Intermediate Foresights

(3)

Error Control with Intermediate Foresights

(1)

Three-Wire Leveling

(1)

Double Reading

(1)

Plunging the Telescope

(1)

Selecting Intermediate Foresights

(1)

Defining Man-Made and Natural Features

(1)

Station Identification

(1)

Profile Leveling

(4)

Profile Benchmarks

(1)

Profile Example

(1)

Plotting Profile Data

(1)

Plotting the Profile

(1)

Profiles with Angles

(1)

Summary

(1)

Student Activity

(1)

7 Angles

(23)

Introduction

(1)

Angles

(1)

DD and DMS

(1)

Adding and Subtracting with DMS

(1)

Converting between DD and DMS

(1)

Manual Conversion between DD and DMS

(1)

Horizontal and Vertical Angles

(1)

Horizontal Angle

(1)

Vertical Angle

(1)

Deflection Angle vs. Interior Angle

(1)

Direct and Indirect Methods of Measuring Angles

(13)

Indirect Methods of Measuring Angles

(7)

Chord Method for Laying out a 90-Degree Angle

(1)

Procedure for Chord Method

(1)

String Chord Method for Establishing a 90-Degree Angle

(1)

3-4-5 Method for Laying out a 90-Degree Angle

(1)

Procedures for 3-4-5 Method with One Tape

(1)

Procedures for 3-4-5 Method with Two Tapes

(1)

Tape-Sine Method for Laying out and Measuring Angles

(4)

Trigonometric Functions

(1)

Selecting the Right Trig Functions

(1)

Procedure for Laying out an Angle using the Tape-Sine Method

(1)

Procedure for Measuring an Existing Angle with Tape-Sine

(1)

Direct Methods of Measuring of Angles

(14)

Centering the Instrument

(1)

Example of Centering Error

(1)

Procedures for Centering an Instrument

(1)

Zero Setting the Instrument

(1)

Aligning the Instrument on the Backsight

100

(1)

Turning the Angle

100

(1)

Recording the Angle

100

(12)

Determining the Least Count

101

(1)

Least Count of Vernier Angle Scales

101

(2)

Reading Double Verniers

103

(1)

Azimuths and Bearings

104

(2)

Azimuths

106

(1)

Bearings

106

(1)

Converting Azimuths and Bearings

106

(3)

Summary

109

(1)

Student Activity

110

(1)

8 Topographical Surveying

111

(28)

Introduction

112

(1)

Topographic Maps

112

(2)

Topographic Map Symbols

112

(1)

Contour Lines

112

(2)

Characteristics of Contour Lines

112

(2)

Collecting Information for Topographic Maps

114

(3)

Map Scales

115

(1)

Number of Stations

115

(1)

Determining the Number of Stations

115

(1)

Instrument Site

116

(1)

Control Point

116

(1)

Interpolating

117

(1)

Interpolating for a Grid

117

(1)

Interpolating Example

118

(1)

Interpolating for Angle and Distance Surveys

118

(1)

Types of Topographic Surveys

118

(5)

Topographical Survey by Grid

119

(1)

Spot Elevations

119

(1)

Data Table

120

(1)

Grid Spacing

120

(1)

Topographical Survey by Angle and Distance

121

(2)

Angle and Distance Example

122

(1)

Measuring Angle and Distance

122

(1)

Data Table for Sample Problem

122

(1)

Drawing Topographic Maps

123

(1)

Hand-Drawing Maps

123

(1)

Mapping Supplies

123

(1)

Topographic Maps by Grid

123

(1)

Drawing Contour Lines

123

(1)

Sample Problem-Topographic by Grid

124

(4)

Conceptualizing a Map

124

(1)

Paper Size and Scale

125

(1)

Drawing the Map

125

(1)

Sheet One

125

(1)

Sheet Two

126

(2)

Profile Graph from Topographic Map

128

(3)

Drawing a Profile by Determining Values

131

(1)

Determining Stations

131

(1)

Example of a Profile by Determining Distance and Elevation

132

(3)

Drawing a Profile by Transferring the Information

135

(2)

Summary

137

(1)

Student Activity

138

(1)

9 Traverse Surveys

139

(15)

Introduction

140

(1)

Selecting Precision

140

(1)

Open and Closed Traverses

140

(1)

Open Traverse

140

(1)

Closed Traverse

140

(1)

Balancing a Traverse

141

(6)

Balancing a Closed Traverse Using Compass Rule

141

(6)

Collecting Data

142

(1)

Summing the Angles

142

(1)

Balancing the Angles

142

(1)

Balancing Angles

143

(1)

Balancing Angles by Averaging

143

(1)

Converting Angles to Bearings Using Compass Rule

143

(2)

Law of Parallel Lines

144

(1)

Determining Latitudes and Departures

145

(1)

Balancing Latitudes and Departures

145

(1)

Sorting the Latitudes and Departures

146

(1)

Determining Latitudes and Departure Error

146

(1)

Correcting the Latitudes and Departures

146

(1)

Calculating Correct Distances

146

(1)

Traverse Sample Problem

147

(5)

Balancing Angles

147

(1)

Significiant Figures When Converting Angles

147

(1)

Bearing for Sample Problems

148

(1)

Balancing Latitudes and Departures

149

(1)

Calculating Latitudes

149

(1)

Calculating the Departures

150

(1)

Determining Corrected Distances

151

(1)

Summary

152

(1)

Student Activity

153

(1)

10 Global Positioning systems

154

(11)

Introduction

155

(1)

GPS History

155

(1)

Global Positioning systems

155

(1)

Space Segment

155

(1)

Control Segment

156

(1)

User Segment

156

(1)

Latitude and Longitude

156

(2)

Latitude

156

(1)

Longitude

157

(1)

Universal Transverse Mercator

158

(2)

Positioning

160

(2)

Triangulation

160

(1)

Trilateration

160

(2)

Determining Distance

162

(1)

Pseudorandom Noise

162

(1)

Sources of GPS Error

162

(1)

Surveying with GPS

162

(1)

Differential GPS (DGPS)

162

(1)

Carrier Phase GPS

163

(1)

Wide Area Augmentation System

163

(1)

Summary

163

(1)

Student Activity

163

(2)

APPENDIX: Graphing Tips

165

(4)

Introduction

166

(1)

Steps in Drawing a Graph

166

(3)

Glossary

169

(6)

Index

175

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Landscape Surveying

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials