Large Wind Turbines Design and Economics

* Evaluation of the economics of onshore and offshore generation sites and the prospects for the deployment of large wind turbines in offshore wind farms.

Robert Pogue Harrison is a professor of literature at Stanford University, where he is Rosina Pierotti Professor in Italian Literature in the Department of French & Italian. Erich Hau is the author of Large Wind Turbines: Design and Economics, published by Wiley.

Preface

ix

Glossary of Symbols

xi

Development of Large Wind Turbines

1

(26)

The First Generation of Large Experimental Wind Turbines

1

(4)

Early Commercial Development of Small Machines

5

(1)

Large Wind Turbine Development Supported by the European Commission

5

(8)

Large wind turbines in the WEGA I programme

7

(1)

The WEGA II programme

8

(5)

Large Wind Turbine Demonstration Projects

13

(2)

Development of Large Commercial Wind Turbines

15

(6)

Costs of Large Wind Turbines

21

(2)

Large experimental machines

21

(1)

Stages of machine development and cost reduction

21

(2)

Costs of large commercial machines

23

(1)

Studies of Costs and Economics

23

(4)

References

25

(2)

Wind Turbine Technology and Design Concepts

27

(28)

Sub-systems and Design Options

27

(1)

Rotor Configuration

28

(6)

Rotor Blade Materials and Manufacture

34

(1)

Rotor Power Control

35

(3)

Stall control

35

(2)

Pitch control

37

(1)

Power control by yawing

38

(1)

Blade Pitch Mechanisms

38

(1)

Rotor Braking System

39

(1)

Mechanical Drive Train and Nacelle Support Structure

40

(5)

Geared drive train configurations

41

(3)

Drive train dynamics

44

(1)

Gearless drive train concepts

45

(1)

Electrical System

45

(5)

High speed generators

46

(2)

Low speed directly driven generators

48

(2)

Wind Turbine Towers

50

(2)

Tower construction materials

50

(1)

Tower design

51

(1)

Vertical Axis Wind Turbines

52

(3)

References

54

(1)

Design Factors Affecting Weight and Costs

55

(40)

Wind Turbine Modelling Approach - Design Drivers

56

(4)

Rotor Design Issues

60

(16)

Optimum rotor tip speed and number of blades

62

(2)

Rotor solidity

64

(1)

Aerofoils

65

(1)

Resonant dynamics of rotors and blades

66

(4)

Blade weight

70

(5)

Rotor hub

75

(1)

Speed Control and Power Limitation Strategies

76

(17)

Design wind speed and rated power

77

(7)

Effect of control strategy on loading conditions

84

(9)

Drive Train Layout and Bed Plate

93

(2)

References

93

(2)

Modelling of Wind Turbine Weight and Costs

95

(36)

Outline of Sunderland Weight and Cost Model

95

(3)

Component Weight Equations

98

(19)

Rotor blades

98

(6)

Rotor hub

104

(2)

Low speed shaft and bearings

106

(2)

Gearbox

108

(4)

Rotor mechanical brake

112

(1)

Mechanical equipment

112

(1)

Electrical generator and electrical equipment

113

(1)

Nacelle and yaw system

114

(3)

Weight of Tubular Steel Towers

117

(4)

Overall Behaviour of the Weight Model

121

(4)

Main model weight drivers

122

(1)

Model sensitivity to input variables

123

(2)

Validation of the Model Weight Calculations

125

(1)

Calculation of Wind Turbine Manufacturing Costs and Ex-work Prices

126

(5)

References

129

(2)

Weight and Costs of Different Turbine Concepts

131

(24)

Definition of Conceptual Lines and Design Options

131

(3)

Calculated Towerhead Weights and Relative Costs

134

(2)

Effect of the Design Options on Towerhead Weights and Costs

136

(9)

Rotor blade material and stiffness

136

(3)

Control method

139

(2)

Compactness of drive train and nacelle

141

(1)

Combination of selected design features

141

(1)

Relative advantage of different numbers of blades

142

(3)

Direct drive concepts

145

(1)

Development of Weights and Costs with Rotor Diameter

145

(5)

Estimates of Towerhead Weight of Vertical Axis Wind Turbines

150

(5)

References

153

(2)

Economic Prospects of Large Wind Turbines

155

(12)

Total Investment Costs

156

(3)

Site and installation costs

156

(2)

Miscellaneous costs

158

(1)

Operating Costs

159

(4)

Operation and maintenance costs

159

(3)

Other operating costs

162

(1)

Energy Production

163

(1)

Electricity Generation Costs

163

(4)

References

166

(1)

Offshore Developments

167

(14)

Offshore Wind Farm Design Issues

168

(6)

Support structure issues

170

(1)

Grid connection costs

171

(1)

Operation and maintenance of offshore wind farms

172

(1)

Offshore factors affecting machine design

173

(1)

Future design options

174

(1)

Economics of Offshore Developments

174

(7)

References

179

(2)

Index

181

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Large Wind Turbines Design and Economics

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

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Large Wind Turbines Design and Economics

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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