Laser Safety Management

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ISBN: 9780824723071 | 0824723074
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 2/22/2006

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An effective laser safety program can mean big savings in time, money, effort, and most importantly, human well-being. It can improve the quality of your research program, your organization's reputation, and ultimately, improve your bottom line. Based on the extensive experience of active Laser Safety Officer Kenneth Barat, Laser Safety Management provides practical tools for successfully implementing a laser safety program in any environment.The book defines the three elements of laser safety: users, the laser safety officer, and incidental personnel. It covers the types of laser injuries, standard operating procedures to ensure safety, tips and tools to avoid pitfalls, training, control measures, and personal protection equipment. The author explores the laser safety officer position and delineates the required elements of effective SOPs. He also discusses non-beam hazards, includes practical control examples and sample forms, and covers U.S. and European regulations and standards.Taking a pedagogical approach, the book covers not only how to avoid accidents, but how to investigate them if they do occur. It includes a sample safety program designed to evaluate your current safety plan and act as a roadmap for where you need to be and how to get there. Filled with common sense solutions for laser safety issues, the book makes setting up a safety program practically painless.

Chapter 1 Overview

(14)

1.1 Traditional Laser Safety

(1)

1.2 Life Cycle

(2)

1.2.1 The Laser or Laser System's Capability of Injuring Personnel

(1)

1.2.2 The Beam Path of the Laser System

(1)

1.2.3 The Interaction of the Laser Beam with its Intended Target

(1)

1.2.4 The Environment in which the Laser is Used

(1)

1.2.5 The Personnel Who May Use or be Exposed to Laser Radiation

(1)

1.3 Additional Life Cycle Elements

(1)

1.3.1 Design

(1)

1.3.2 Disposal

(1)

1.4 Classification

(4)

1.4.1 Time Base for Classification

(2)

1.5 Responsibilities

(2)

1.5.1 Management

(1)

1.5.2 Laser Safety Officer or Advisor

(1)

1.5.3 Research Group Leader or Supervisor

(1)

1.5.4 Employees

(1)

1.5.5 Field Service Staff and Vendors

(1)

1.6 Probabilistic Risk Assessment

(5)

Chapter 2 Biological Effects: Why We Care About Laser Exposure

(14)

2.1 Introduction

(1)

2.2 The Eye

(3)

2.2.1 Parts of the Human Eye

(1)

2.2.2 Blink and Aversion Response

(1)

2.2.3 Where Laser Radiation Goes

(1)

2.3 Signs of Eye Exposure

(1)

2.4 Damage Mechanisms

(2)

2.4.1 Electromechanical and Acoustic Damage

(1)

2.4.2 Photoablation

(1)

2.4.3 Thermal Damage

(1)

2.4.4 Photochemical Damage

(1)

2.5 Laser Radiation Effects on Skin

(3)

2.5.1 Epidermis

(1)

2.5.2 Dermis

(1)

2.5.3 Subcutaneous Tissue

(2)

2.6 Tissue Optics

(5)

2.6.1 Scattering Cellular Structures

(2)

Chapter 3 The Laser Safety Officer: The Key to Laser Safety

(16)

3.1 The Effective LSO Gets Out and Walks Laser Use Space

(3)

3.2 Laser Safety Committee

(1)

3.3 Inventory

(2)

3.4 Training

(1)

3.5 Signs

(1)

3.6 Warning Lights

(2)

3.7 Audits

(8)

3.7.1 Posting and Labeling

(1)

3.7.2 Beam Enclosures

(1)

3.7.3 Open Path Walkway

(1)

3.7.4 Protective Eyewear

(1)

3.7.5 Beam Containment

(1)

3.7.6 Fiber Optics

(1)

3.7.7 Housekeeping

(5)

Chapter 4 Standard Operating Procedures: A Binding Safety Contract

(12)

4.1 Introduction

(1)

4.2 SOP Flow

(1)

4.2.1 The PI or Responsible Individual Develops the Draft SOP

(1)

4.2.2 The SOP Must Have a Complete and Accurate Work Description

(1)

4.2.3 Hazards Must be Clearly and Completely Identified

(1)

4.3 Sample Format

(2)

4.3.1 General Information

(1)

4.3.2 Description of Activity

(1)

4.3.3 Identification of Hazards

(1)

4.3.4 Mitigation of Hazards

(1)

4.3.5 Hazardous Material Handling

(1)

4.3.6 Hazardous Waste

(1)

4.3.7 Emergency Procedures

(1)

4.3.8 Maintenance

(1)

4.3.9 Authorized Users and Training

(1)

4.4 Follow-Up to the SOP

(2)

4.4.1 Preparation for Alignment

(1)

4.4.2 Alignment Methods to be Used for This Laser

(1)

4.5 Laser Control Boilerplates

(2)

4.5.1 General Laser Controls

(1)

4.6 Sample Laser SOP1

(2)

4.6.1. Laser Safety Contacts

(1)

4.6.2. Laser Description

(1)

4.6.3. Laser Safety Program

(1)

4.6.4. Operating Procedures

(1)

4.6.5. Control Measures

(1)

4.6.6. Personnel Protection Equipment

(1)

4.6.7. Operator Review

(1)

4.7 Laser and Laser System SOP Guidelines

(3)

Chapter 5 Practical Tools for Laser Safety and Traps to Avoid

(18)

5.1 Introduction

(1)

5.2 The Laser Safety "Tool Box" Wish List

(3)

5.2.1 Laser Hazard Evaluation Software

(1)

5.2.2 Warning Signs and Labels

(1)

5.2.3 Digital Camera

(1)

5.2.4 Laser Eyewear Samples

(1)

5.2.5 Resource Material

(1)

5.3 Transition Zone Between the LSO and Laser System Users

(9)

5.3.1 Beam Alignment and Viewing Aids

(1)

5.3.2 Viewers

(1)

5.3.3 Sensor Cards

(1)

5.3.4 Optical Glass Sensors

(1)

5.3.5 Beam Blocks and Dumps

(1)

5.3.6 Beam Containment Enclosures

(1)

5.3.7 Curtains

(1)

5.3.8 Active Barriers

(1)

5.3.9 Room Access Interlocks

(1)

5.3.10 Illuminated Warning Signs

(1)

5.3.11 Power Meters

(2)

5.3.12 Detectors

(2)

5.4 Laser Safety Traps

(6)

5.4.1 800-nm Iceberg

(2)

5.4.2 Reflections: Visible or Invisible

(1)

5.4.3 Housekeeping

(1)

5.4.4 Fiber Optics

(3)

Chapter 6 The Laser-Safety Management Program

(12)

6.1 Introduction

(1)

6.2 Benefits of the Laser-Safety Management Program

(1)

6.3 File Structure

(1)

6.4 Institutional Binder Sections

(5)

6.4.1 Standard Operation Procedures

(1)

6.4.2 Training and Authorized Worker List

(1)

6.4.3 Interlock Checks

(1)

6.4.4 Alignment Procedures

(1)

6.4.5 Audits and Self-Assessment Reports

(1)

6.4.6 Material Safety Data Sheets and URL

(1)

6.4.7 Checklists

(1)

6.4.8 Engineering Safety Notes

(1)

6.4.9 Contact List

(1)

6.4.10 ES&H Chapters

(1)

6.4.11 Lessons Learned

(1)

6.4.12 Emergency Procedures

(1)

6.4.13 Miscellaneous

(1)

6.4.14 Optional Additions

(1)

6.5 Institutional Binders

(3)

6.5.1 Safety Structure

(1)

6.5.2 Safety Committee

(1)

6.5.3 Standards and Regulations

(1)

6.5.4 Training

(1)

6.5.5 Audit Procedure and Records

(1)

6.5.6 Risk Assessments

(1)

6.5.7 Control Measures

(1)

6.5.8 Incident Investigation

(1)

6.5.9 External Liaison

(1)

6.5.10 Miscellaneous

(1)

6.6 Sample Forms

(3)

6.6.1 Sample Safety Check List

(3)

Chapter 7 Laser Safety Training

(12)

7.1 User Training

(1)

7.2 Awareness Training

(1)

7.2.1 Class 1M, Class 2M, and Class 3R Awareness Training

(1)

7.3 On-the-Job Safety Training

(1)

7.4 Exploring Training Options

(1)

7.4.1 Videotapes

(1)

7.4.2 Text-Based Training

(1)

7.4.3 Computer-Based Training

(1)

7.4.4 Web-Based Training

(1)

7.4.5 Lecture (Classroom Style) Training

(1)

7.5 New Training Suggestion: A Laser Lessons Learned Class

(1)

7.6 Refresher Training

(1)

7.7 Laser Quizzes

(4)

7.7.1 Sample Questions

(3)

7.8 The Training Matrix

(1)

7.9 Laser Pointer Awareness

(4)

Chapter 8 Personnel Protection Equipment

(8)

8.1 Introduction

(1)

8.2 Full Attenuation

(1)

8.3 Visual Light Transmission

100

(1)

8.4 Comfort and Fit

101

(1)

8.5 Damage Threshold Considerations

102

(1)

8.5.1 Side Shields

102

(1)

8.6 Prescriptions

103

(1)

8.7 Sensor Card Use

103

(1)

8.8 Weight

103

(1)

8.9 Labeling

103

(1)

8.10 Ultrafast Lasers

104

(1)

8.11 Additional Considerations

104

(1)

8.12 Partial Attenuation (Alignment Eyewear)

105

(1)

8.13 Additional PPE

105

(2)

8.13.1 Protective Windows

105

(1)

8.13.2 Laser Curtains

106

(1)

Chapter 9 Laser Accidents

107

(34)

9.1 Introduction

107

(1)

9.2 Alignment Activities

107

(3)

9.2.1 Preparation for Alignment

108

(1)

9.2.2 Alignment Considerations

109

(1)

9.2.3 Alignment Conclusion

110

(1)

9.3 Failure to Wear Protective Eyewear

110

(1)

9.3.1 Solution

110

(1)

9.4 Electrical Hazards Overlooked

110

(1)

9.5 Additional Hazards and Solutions

111

(1)

9.6 Improper Restoration of Lasers after Servicing

111

(1)

9.7 Lack of Planning

111

(2)

9.7.1 Solution

111

(1)

9.7.2 Checklist for Developing a Checklist

111

(2)

9.8 Wearing the Wrong Eyewear and Improper Fit

113

(1)

9.8.1 Eyewear Failure

113

(1)

9.9 Fatigue and Stress

113

(3)

9.9.1 Fatigue

114

(1)

9.9.2 Stress

115

(1)

9.10 Workplace Culture

116

(1)

9.10.1 Solution

116

(1)

9.11 To Whom Are These Accidents Happening?

116

(1)

9.12 The Perceived Incident

117

(1)

9.13 Accident Investigation

117

(6)

9.13.1 Who Should Lead the Accident Investigation?

117

(1)

9.13.2 Who and How Many People Should Investigate an Accident?

117

(1)

9.13.3 Should the Immediate Supervisor be on the Team?

118

(1)

9.13.4 How Do You Make Sure that Investigators Are Impartial?

118

(1)

9.13.5 Reason for the Investigation: Why Are We Doing This?

118

(1)

9.13.6 Summary of Investigation Steps

119

(1)

9.13.7 Physical Evidence

119

(1)

9.13.8 Task

120

(1)

9.13.9 Equipment Issues

120

(1)

9.13.10 Environmental Factors

120

(1)

9.13.11 Human Factors

120

(1)

9.13.12 Management

121

(1)

9.13.13 Gather Background Information

121

(1)

9.13.14 Eyewitness Accounts

121

(2)

9.14 Written Report: Not Finished Until the Paperwork Is Done

123

(1)

9.15 Why Should Recommendations Be Made?

124

(1)

9.16 What Should Be Done if the Investigation Reveals Human Error?

124

(1)

9.17 Not Every Laser Accident Involves an Eye or Skin Injury

124

(1)

9.18 Typical Laser Pointer Incidents

125

(1)

9.19 Guidance for Laser Pointer Use

125

(1)

9.20 Examples of Laser Accidents

126

(9)

9.20.1 Medical Device Report (MDR) Report Key 397304, Report Number 1218402-2002-00019

126

(1)

9.20.2 Access Number M320116, MDR Database

126

(1)

9.20.3 Access Number M751889, MDR Database

127

(1)

9.20.4 Access Number M817394, MDR Database

127

(1)

9.20.5 ORPS Report CH-AA-ANLE-ANLEER-1999-0005

127

(1)

9.20.6 From the Military Database

128

(1)

9.20.7 Data from the NASA Aviation Safety Reporting System Database

129

(4)

9.20.8 Fire Case #1

133

(1)

9.20.9 Fire Case #2

133

(1)

9.20.10 Fire Case #3

133

(1)

9.20.11 Lubricant Fire

134

(1)

9.20.12 Range Finder

134

(1)

9.20.13 Bystander Observes Diffuse Beam During Laser Operation

134

(1)

9.20.14 Other Laser Accidents

135

(1)

9.21 Laser Accident Action Plan

135

(2)

9.21.1 General Guidance for Suspected Eye Injury

136

(1)

9.22 Medical Facility

137

(1)

9.23 Can Laser Accidents Be Prevented?

138

(3)

Chapter 10 An Explanation of Control Measures

141

(18)

10.1 Administrative Controls

141

(1)

10.2 For the Institution

141

(1)

10.2.1 Policy

141

(1)

10.3 Research Lab Administrative Controls

142

(6)

10.3.1 Standard Operating Procedures

143

(1)

10.3.2 Education and Training

143

(1)

10.3.3 Authorized Personnel (Class 1M, 2M, 3R, and 4)

143

(1)

10.3.4 Alignment Procedures (All Classes Except Class 1)

144

(1)

10.3.5 Protective Equipment

145

(1)

10.3.6 Designation of Areas: Warning Signs and Labels

145

(2)

10.3.7 Spectators (Class 3B and Class 4)

147

(1)

10.3.8 Laser Radiation Transmitted by Optical Fiber

148

(1)

10.3.9 Laser Robotic Installations

148

(1)

10.4 Engineering Controls

148

(3)

10.4.1 Access Control (Interlocks)

149

(1)

10.4.2 Illuminated and Visible Warning Devices

150

(1)

10.4.3 Beam Enclosures

151

(1)

10.4.4 Temporary Laser Controlled Area

151

(1)

10.4.5 Laser Area Warning Signs

151

(1)

10.5 Engineering Control Measures

151

(8)

10.5.1 Protective Housings

152

(1)

10.5.2 Operating a Laser without Protective Housing

152

(1)

10.5.3 Interlocks on Removable Protective Housings (All Classes)

152

(1)

10.5.4 Service Access Panels (All Classes)

153

(1)

10.5.5 Viewing Windows, Display Screens, and Collecting Optics

153

(1)

10.5.6 Limited Open Beam Path (Class 3B and Class 4)

153

(1)

10.5.7 Remote Interlock Connector (Class 3B and Class 4)

154

(1)

10.5.8 Beam Stop or Attenuator (Class 3B or Class 4)

154

(1)

10.5.9 Laser Area Warning Signs and Activation Warnings

154

(3)

10.5.10 Laser Outdoor Controls (All Classes)

157

(1)

10.5.11 Use of Lasers in Navigable Airspace

157

(1)

10.5.12 Temporary Laser Controlled Area (All Classes)

158

(1)

10.5.13 Controlled Operation (Class 4)

158

(1)

10.5.14 Equipment Labels (All Classes)

158

(1)

Chapter 11 U.S. and European Regulations and Standards

159

(30)

11.1 Introduction

159

(1)

11.2 User Regulations

159

(4)

11.2.1 The Occupational and Safety Health Administration

159

(3)

11.2.2 Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)

162

(1)

11.3 State Regulations

163

(1)

11.4 User Standards

164

(1)

11.5 Manufacturer Regulations

165

(12)

11.5.1 Product Filing

168

(1)

11.5.2 Original Electronic Manufacturers

169

(1)

11.5.3 Laser Light Shows

169

(3)

11.5.4 CDRH Databases

172

(1)

11.5.5 Medical Products

172

(5)

11.6 British Regulations and Standards

177

(12)

11.6.1 Standards Versus Legislation

177

(1)

11.6.2 Legislation

178

(2)

11.6.3 Regulations Under the Act

180

(5)

11.6.4 British Standards

185

(1)

11.6.5 Guidance Notes

186

(1)

11.6.6 Laser Safety Officer

187

(1)

11.6.7 Obtaining the Documents Cited

187

(2)

Chapter 12 Laser Safety Calculations

189

(10)

12.1 Introduction

189

(1)

12.2 Converting between Irradiance and Radiant Exposure

190

(4)

12.2.1 The Accessible Emission Limit

191

(1)

12.2.2 Maximum Permissible Exposure (MPE)

191

(1)

12.2.3 Repetitively Pulsed Lasers

192

(1)

12.2.4 Extended Source Viewing

192

(1)

12.2.5 Diffuse Reflections

193

(1)

12.2.6 The Nominal Hazard Zone

193

(1)

12.3 Optical Density

194

(1)

12.4 Choosing Exposure Duration Times

195

(4)

12.4.1 Visible Wavelengths (400 to 700 nm): 0.25 sec

195

(1)

12.4.2 Near Infrared Wavelengths (700 to 1400 nm): 10 sec

196

(1)

12.4.3 Diffuse Reflections (Invisible Wavelengths): 600 sec

196

(1)

12.4.4 Ultraviolet Wavelengths: 30,000 sec

196

(1)

12.4.5 Limiting Aperture Note

196

(3)

Chapter 13 Nonbeam Hazards

199

(14)

13.1 Introduction

199

(1)

13.1.1 A Listing of Nonbeam Hazards

199

(1)

13.2 Electrical Hazards

200

(1)

13.2.1 Good Practice Guidelines for Electrical Hazards

200

(1)

13.2.2 Potential Electric Hazard Problems

201

(1)

13.3 Physical Hazards

201

(2)

13.3.1 Cryogenic Fluids

201

(1)

13.3.2 Radio Frequency (RF)

202

(1)

13.3.3 Plasma Emissions

202

(1)

13.3.4 UV and Visible Radiation

203

(1)

13.3.5 Explosion Hazard

203

(1)

13.3.6 Ionizing Radiation (X-Rays)

203

(1)

13.3.7 Noise

203

(1)

13.4 Chemical Hazards

203

(2)

13.4.1 Laser Dyes

203

(1)

13.4.2 Compressed and Toxic Gases

204

(1)

13.4.3 Fumes, Vapors, and Laser-Generated Air Contaminants from Beam-Target Interaction

204

(1)

13.5 Fire Hazards

205

(1)

13.6 Ergonomics and Human Factors

206

(1)

13.7 Seismic Safety

206

(1)

13.8 Area Illumination

206

(1)

13.9 Mechanical Hazards

206

(1)

13.9.1 Robotics

206

(1)

13.10 Supplemental Electrical Safety Section

207

(6)

13.10.1 Life-Threatening Effects

207

(1)

13.10.2 Burns

208

(1)

13.10.3 Delayed Effects

208

(1)

13.10.4 Critical Path

208

(1)

13.10.5 Influential Variables

208

(5)

Chapter 14 Practical Control Measures

213

(20)

14.1 Web Resources

213

(20)

Chapter 15 Laser Basics

233

(8)

15.1 Introduction

233

(1)

15.2 What is a Laser?

233

(1)

15.3 Laser Theory and Operation

234

(2)

15.4 Components of A Laser

236

(2)

15.5 Types of Lasers

238

(3)

Glossary

241

(12)

Index

253

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Laser Safety Management

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials