Legal Aspects of Architecture, Engineering and the Construction Process

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ISBN: 9780534953232 | 0534953239
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 6/11/1999

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The sixth edition of this classic text (written primarily for senior and graduate level architecture, engineering, construction management, and law students) provides a bridge between the academic and real worlds. The text is also a valuable reference for practitioners and it has been cited in over twenty-five court decisions. The sixth edition has been updated to include the most up-to-date information on new developments in the legal aspects of architectural, engineering, and the construction processes.

CHAPTER ONE Sources of Law: Varied and Dynamic

(5)

1.01 Relevance

(1)

1.02 The Federal System

(1)

1.03 Constitutions

(1)

1.04 Legislation

(1)

1.05 The Executive Branch

(1)

1.06 Administrative Agencies

(1)

1.07 Courts: The Common Law

(1)

1.08 Contracting Parties

(1)

1.09 Publishers of Standardized Documents

(1)

1.10 Summary

(1)

CHAPTER TWO The American Judicial System: A Forum for Dispute Resolution

(11)

2.01 State Court Systems: Trial and Appellate Courts

(1)

2.02 The Federal Court System

(1)

2.03 Statute of Limitation: Time to Bring the Lawsuit

(1)

2.04 Hiring an Attorney: Role and Compensation

(2)

2.05 Jurisdiction of Courts

(1)

2.06 Parties to the Litigation

(1)

2.07 Prejudgment Remedies

(1)

2.08 Pleadings

(1)

2.09 Pretrial Activities: Discovery

(1)

2.10 The Jury

(1)

2.11 Trials: The Adversary System

(1)

2.12 Judgements

(1)

2.13 Enforcement of Judgments

(1)

2.14 Appeals: The Use of Precedent

(1)

2.15 International Contracts

(1)

CHAPTER THREE Forms of Association: Organizing to Accomplish Objectives

(9)

3.01 Relevance

(1)

3.02 Sole Proprietorships

(1)

3.03 Partnerships

(3)

A. Generally: Uniform Partnership Act

(1)

B. Creation

(1)

C. Operation

(1)

D. Fiduciary Duties

(1)

E. Performance Obligations, Profits, Losses, Withdrawal of Capital and Interest

(1)

F. Authority of Partner

(1)

G. Liability of General Partnership and Individual Partners

(1)

H. Transferability of Partnership Agreement

(1)

I. Dissolution and Winding Up

(1)

J. Limited Partnership

(1)

3.04 Profit Corporations

(2)

A. Use

(1)

B. General Attributes

(1)

C. Preincorporation Problems: Promoters

(1)

D. Share Ownership

(1)

E. Piercing the Corporate Veil

(1)

F. Activities, Management, and Control

(1)

G. Profits and Losses

(1)

H. Life of the Corporation

(1)

I. Dissolution

(1)

3.05 Nonprofit Corporations

(1)

3.06 Professional Corporations

(1)

3.07 Joint Ventures

(1)

3.08 Unincorporated Associations

(1)

3.09 Loose Associations: Share-Office Arrangement

(1)

3.10 Professional Associations

(1)

Problems

(1)

CHAPTER FOUR The Agency Relationship: A Legal Concept Essential to Contract Making

(6)

4.01 Relevance

(1)

4.02 Policies Behind Agency Concept

(1)

A. Commercial Efficiency and Protection of Reasonable Expectations

(1)

B. Relationships Between Principal and Agent

(1)

4.03 Other Related Legal Concepts

(1)

4.04 Creation of Agency Relationship

(1)

4.05 Actual Authority

(1)

4.06 Apparent Authority

(2)

Problem

(1)

4.07 Termination of Agency

(1)

4.08 Disputes Between Principal and Third Party

(1)

4.09 Disputes Between Agent and Third Party

(1)

CHAPTER FIVE Contracts and Their Formation: Connectors for Construction Participants

(12)

5.01 Relevance

(1)

5.02 The Function of Enforcing Contracts: Freedom of Contract

(1)

5.03 Preliminary Definitions

(1)

5.04 Contract Classifications

(1)

A. Express and Implied

(1)

B. Subject Matter

(1)

C. Bargain and Adhesion

(1)

5.05 Capacity to Contract

(1)

5.06 Mutual Assent

(4)

A. Objective Theory of Contracts: Manifestations of Mutual Assent

(1)

B. Offer and Acceptance in the Assent Process

(2)

C. Contracts by Correspondence

(1)

D. Reasonable Certainty of Terms

(1)

E. A More Formal Document

(1)

F. Agreements to Agree

(1)

G. Agreements to Negotiate in Good Faith

(1)

H. Memorandum of Understanding

(1)

I. Letter of Intent

(1)

5.07 Defects in the Mutual Assent Process

(2)

A. Fraud and Misrepresentation: Duty to Disclose

(1)

B. Economic Duress

(1)

C. Mistake

(1)

D. Unconscionability

(1)

E. Formation Defects and Restitution

(1)

5.08 Consideration as a Contract Requirement

(1)

A. Functions of Consideration

(1)

B. Definitions: Emergence of Bargain Concept

(1)

C. Reliance

(1)

D. Past Consideration

(1)

5.09 Promises Under Seal

(1)

5.10 Writing Requirement: Statute of Frauds

(1)

A. History

(1)

B. Transactions Required to Be Evidenced by a Sufficient Memorandum

(1)

C. Sufficiency of Memorandum

(1)

D. Avoiding the Writing Requirement

(1)

Problem

(2)

CHAPTER SIX Remedies for Contract Breach: Emphasis on Flexibility

(8)

6.01 An Overview

(1)

6.02 Relationship to Other Chapters

(1)

6.03 Money Awards and Specific Decrees: Damages and Specific Performance

(1)

6.04 Compensation and Punishment: Emergence of Punitive Damages

(1)

6.05 Protected Interests

(1)

6.06 Limits on Recovery

(3)

A. Causation

(1)

B. Certainty

(1)

C. Foreseeability: Freak Events and Disproportionate Losses

(1)

D. Avoidable Consequences (The Concept of Mitigation)

(1)

E. Lost Profits

(1)

F. Collateral Source Rule

(1)

G. Contractual Control: A Look at the UCC

(1)

H. Noneconomic Losses

(1)

6.07 Cost of Dispute Resolution: Attorneys' Fees

(1)

6.08 Interest

(1)

Problem

(1)

CHAPTER SEVEN Losses, Conduct, and the Tort System: Principles and Trends

(29)

7.01 Relevance to the Construction Process

(1)

7.02 Tort Law: Some Background

(3)

A. Definition

(1)

B. Function

(1)

C. Some Threefold Classifications

(1)

D. Some Historical Patterns

(2)

E. Some General Factors in Determining Tort Liability

(1)

F. Coverage of Chapter

(1)

7.03 Negligence: The "Fault" Concept

(9)

A. Emergence of the Negligence Concept

(1)

B. Elements of Negligence

(1)

C. Standard of Conduct: The Reasonable Person

(1)

The Objective Standard and Some Exceptions

(1)

Unreasonable Risk of Harm: Some Formulas

(1)

Common Practice: Custom

(1)

Violations of or Compliance with Statutes

(2)

Res Ipsa Loquitur

(1)

D. Legal Cause: Cause in Fact and Proximate Cause

(1)

Cause in Fact

(1)

Proximate Cause

(1)

E. Duty

(1)

F. Protected Interests and Emotional Distress

(1)

G. Defenses

(1)

Assumption of Risk

(1)

Contributory Negligence

(1)

Independent Contractor Rule

(1)

7.04 Nonintentional Nonnegligent Wrongs: Strict Liability

(2)

A. Abnormally Dangerous Things and Activities

(1)

B. Vicarious Liability

(1)

C. Employment Accidents and Workers' Compensation

(1)

D. Product Liability

(1)

7.05 Claims by Third Parties

(1)

A. Lost Consortium

(1)

B. Survival and Wrongful Death Statutes

(1)

7.06 Immunity

(1)

A. Charitable Organizations

(1)

B. Employers and Workers' Compensation

(1)

C. Public Officials

(1)

D. Sovereign Immunity

(1)

7.07 Misrepresentation

(1)

A. Scope of Discussion

(1)

B. Representation or Opinion

(1)

C. Conduct Classified

(1)

D. Person Suffering the Loss

(1)

E. Type of Loss

(1)

F. Reliance

(1)

G. Some Generalizations

(1)

7.08 Duty of the Possessor of Land

(3)

A. Relevance

(1)

B. To Passersby

(1)

C. To Trespassing Adults

(1)

D. To Trespassing Children

(1)

E. To Licensees

(1)

F. To Invitees

(1)

G. Movement Toward General Standard of Care

(1)

H. Nondelegability of Legal Responsibility

(1)

7.09 Product Liability

(6)

A. Relevance

(1)

B. Some History: From Near Immunity to Strict Liability

(1)

C. Section 402A of the Restatement of Torts

(1)

D. Product Use

(1)

E. Parties

(2)

F. Defenses

(1)

G. Economic Losses

(1)

H. Disclaimers

(1)

I. Design Defects: Duty to Warn

(1)

J. Government-Furnished Design

(1)

K. Beyond Products: Sellers of Services

(1)

L. Future Developments

(1)

7.10 Remedies

(2)

A. Compensation

(1)

B. Collateral Source Rule

(1)

C. Punitive Damages

(1)

D. Attorney's Fees: Cost of Litigation

(1)

E. Interest

(1)

Problems

(1)

CHAPTER EIGHT Introduction to the Construction Process: Ingredients for Disputes

(8)

8.01 Relationship to Rest of Book

(1)

8.02 The Eternal Triangle: Main Actors

(4)

A. The Owner

(3)

B. The Contractor

(1)

C. The Design Professional

(1)

D. The Industry

(1)

8.03 The Supporting Cast on a Crowded Stage

(1)

A. The Owner Chain: Spotlight on Lender

(1)

B. The Contractor Chain

(1)

C. The Design Professional Chain

(1)

D. Insurers

(1)

8.04 The Construction Contract

(1)

8.05 The Delivery Systems

(1)

8.06 The Applicable Law

(1)

8.07 The Construction Site

(1)

8.08 Contract Administration

(1)

8.09 International Transactions

(1)

8.10 Unresolved Disputes and Litigation

(1)

CHAPTER NINE Limits on Ownership: Land Use Controls

(22)

9.01 Nuisance: Unreasonable Land Use

(1)

9.02 Soil Support

(1)

9.03 Drainage and Surface Waters

(1)

9.04 Easements for Light, Air, and View

(2)

9.05 Restrictive Covenants

(2)

9.06 Development of Land: Expanded Public Role

(1)

9.07 Limitations on Land Use Controls: Takings

(2)

9.08 Local Land Use Control: The Process

(2)

9.09 Original Enabling Acts and Euclidean Zones: The MLDC

(1)

9.10 Flexibility: Old Tools and New Ones

(3)

A. Variances and Special Use Permits

(1)

B. Nonconforming Uses

(1)

C. Rezoning

(1)

D. Contract and Conditional Zoning

(1)

E. Floating Zones

100

(1)

F. Bonus Zoning

100

(1)

G. Planned Unit Development

100

(1)

H. Open Space

101

(1)

9.11 Aesthetics and Control

101

(1)

9.12 Historic and Landmark Preservation

101

(2)

9.13 The Environmental Movement and Owner Liability

103

(3)

A. National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)

103

(1)

B. Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA)

104

(1)

C. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)

105

(1)

D. State Law

106

(1)

9.14 Judicial Review

106

(1)

9.15 Housing and Land Use Controls

107

(4)

A. Residential Zones

107

(1)

B. Subdivision Controls

107

(1)

C. Exclusionary and Inclusionary Zoning

108

(1)

D. Phased Growth

109

(2)

CHAPTER TEN Professional Registration and Contractor Licensing: Evidence of Competence or Needless Entry Barrier?

111

(30)

10.01 Overview

111

(1)

10.02 Public Regulation: A Controversial Policy

111

(3)

A. Justification for Regulation

111

(1)

B. Criticism of Licensing Laws

112

(1)

C. Importance of Attitude Toward the Regulatory Process

113

(1)

D. Judicial Attitudes Toward Registration Laws

113

(1)

10.03 Administration of Licensing Laws

114

(1)

10.04 The Licensing Process

114

(9)

A. Admission to Practice

114

(1)

B. Postadmission Discipline: Duncan v. Missouri Board for Architects, Professional Engineers and Land Surveyors

114

(9)

10.05 Types of Licensing Laws

123

(1)

A. Licensing of Architects and Engineers: Holding Out and Practice Statutes

123

(1)

B. Contractor Licensing

124

(1)

C. Variations on the Traditional Contracting System

124

(1)

10.06 Statutory Violations

124

(5)

A. Preliminary Issue: Constitutionality

124

(1)

B. Holding Out

124

(1)

C. Practicing

124

(1)

D. Architecture and Engineering Compared

125

(2)

E. Statutory Exemptions

127

(1)

F. Possessor of License

128

(1)

G. Out-of-State Practice

128

(1)

H. Substantial Compliance

129

(1)

10.07 Sanctions for Licensing Law Violations

129

(4)

A. Criminal and Quasi-Criminal Sanctions

129

(1)

B. Recovery for Work Performed

130

(2)

C. A Checkered Future

132

(1)

D. Summary

133

(1)

10.08 Should Contractors Be Licensed?

133

(1)

A. Purpose of Licensing Laws

133

(1)

B. Harmful Effects

134

(1)

10.09 Contractor Licensing Laws

134

(1)

10.10 The Unlicensed Contractor: Civil Sanctions

135

(2)

A. Recovery for Work Performed

135

(1)

B. Exceptions

136

(1)

C. Substantial Compliance

136

(1)

D. Observations

137

(1)

10.11 Indirect Effect: Forum for Consumer Complaints

137

(1)

10.12 The Trained but Unregistered Design Professional: Moonlighting

138

(2)

A. Unlicensed Persons: A Differentiation

138

(1)

B. Ethical and Legal Questions

138

(1)

C. Recovery for Services Performed

139

(1)

D. Liability Problems

139

(1)

Problems

140

(1)

CHAPTER ELEVEN Contracting for Design Services: Pitfalls and Advice

141

(13)

11.01 Authority Problems

141

(2)

A. Private Owners

141

(1)

Sole Proprietors

141

(1)

Partnerships

142

(1)

Corporations

142

(1)

Unincorporated Associations

142

(1)

Spouses or Unmarried Cohabitants

142

(1)

B. Public Owners

143

(1)

11.02 Financial Capacity

143

(3)

A. Importance

143

(1)

B. Private Clients

143

(1)

Retainers and Interim Fees

143

(1)

Client Resources

143

(1)

One-Person and Closely Held Corporations: Individual Liability of Officers

144

(1)

A Surety or Guarantor

144

(1)

Real or Personal Property Security

144

(1)

Client Identity

144

(1)

Spouses or Unmarried Cohabitants

145

(1)

Mechanics' Liens

145

(1)

C. Public Owners

146

(1)

11.03 Competing for the Commission: Ethical and Legal Considerations

146

(1)

11.04 Professional Service Contracts: Some Remarks

147

(6)

A. Profits and Risk

147

(1)

B. Good Faith, Fair Dealing, and Fiduciary Relationships

148

(2)

C. Variety of Types: Purchase Orders

150

(1)

D. Interpretation

150

(2)

E. The Parol Evidence Rule and Contract Completeness

152

(1)

Problems

153

(1)

CHAPTER TWELVE Professional Design Services: The Sensitive Issues

154

(55)

12.01 Range of Possible Professional Services: Fees and Insurance

154

(1)

12.02 Traditional Roles of Design Professional: B141--1997

155

(1)

12.03 Cost Predictions

156

(19)

A. Inaccurate Cost Prediction: A Source of Misunderstanding

156

(1)

B. Two Models of Cost Predictions

156

(1)

C. Creation of a Cost Condition: Frank Lloyd Wright and the Johnson Building and Griswold & Rauma v. Aesculapius

157

(6)

Contract Completeness and the Parol Evidence Rule

163

(1)

Some Preliminary Issues

163

(1)

Existence of Cost Condition

164

(1)

Standard Contracts and Disclaimers: A Look at AIA Standard Contracts

165

(1)

An Illustrative Case

166

(4)

Negligent Cost Predictions

170

(1)

D. Interpretation of Cost Condition

170

(1)

E. Dispensing with the Cost Condition

171

(1)

F. Nonperformance as a Breach: Recovery of Damages

171

(2)

G. Relationship Between Principal Design Professional and Consultant

173

(1)

H. Advice to Design Professionals

173

(1)

Problem

174

(1)

12.04 Assistance in Obtaining Financing

175

(1)

12.05 Economic Feasibility of Project

175

(1)

12.06 Approval of Public Authorities: Dispute Resolution

176

(1)

12.07 Services of a Legal Nature

177

(1)

12.08 Site Services

178

(15)

A. Relation to Chapter 14

178

(1)

B. Supervision to Observation: Watson, Watson, Rutland/Architects v. Montgomery County Board of Education

178

(9)

C. Submittals: Design Delegation

187

(5)

D. Use of Project Representative

192

(1)

E. Use of Construction Manager

192

(1)

F. Statutory and Administrative Regulations

192

(1)

Problem

193

(1)

12.09 Hazardous Materials

193

(1)

12.10 Who Actually Performs Services: Use of and Responsibility for Consultants

194

(3)

A. Within Design Professional's Organization

194

(1)

B. Outside Design Professional's Organization: Consultants

195

(1)

Problem

196

(1)

12.11 Ownership of Drawings and Specifications

197

(2)

12.12 Time

199

(1)

12.13 Cessation of Services: Special Problems of the Client-Design Professional Relationship

199

(6)

A. Coverage

199

(1)

B. Specific Contract Provisions as to Term

199

(1)

C. Conditions

200

(1)

D. Suspension

201

(1)

E. Abandonment

202

(1)

F. Termination Clauses

202

(1)

G. Material Breach

203

(1)

H. Subsequent Events

203

(1)

I. The Lender's Perspective

204

(1)

Problem

205

(1)

12.14 Judicial Remedy for Breach: Special Problems of Client-Design Professional Relationship

205

(4)

A. Coverage

205

(1)

B. Client Claims

205

(2)

C. Design Professional Claims

207

(1)

Problem

208

(1)

CHAPTER THIRTEEN Compensation and Other Owner Obligations

209

(10)

13.01 Contractual Fee Arrangements

209

(6)

A. Limited Role of Law: Methods of Compensation

209

(1)

B. Stated Percentage of Construction Costs: Square Footage

209

(1)

C. Multiple of Direct Personal Expense: Daily or Hourly Rates

210

(1)

D. Professional Fee Plus Expenses

211

(1)

E. Fixed Fee

211

(1)

F. Reasonable Value of Services or a Fee to Be Agreed On

211

(1)

G. Additional Services

212

(2)

H. Reimbursables

214

(1)

I. Fee Ceilings

214

(1)

J. Adjustment of Fee

214

(1)

K. Deductions from the Fee: Deductive Changes

214

(1)

L. Project Risks

215

(1)

M. The Fee as a Limitation of Liability

215

(1)

13.02 Time for Payment

215

(2)

A. Service Contracts and the Right to Be Paid as One Performs

215

(1)

B. Interim Fee Payments

216

(1)

C. Monthly Billings

216

(1)

D. Late Payments

216

(1)

E. Suggestions Regarding Interim Fee Payments

217

(1)

13.03 Payment Despite Nonperformance

217

(1)

13.04 Other Client Obligations

218

(1)

Problems

218

(1)

CHAPTER FOURTEEN Professional Liability: Process or Product?

219

(57)

14.01 Claims Against Design Professionals: On the Increase

219

(2)

A. Changes in Substantive Law

219

(1)

B. Procedural Changes

219

(1)

C. Ability of Design Professionals to Pay Court Judgments

219

(1)

D. Access to Legal System

219

(1)

E. Societal Changes

220

(1)

F. Enterprise Liability: Consumerism

220

(1)

G. Design Centrality

220

(1)

H. Codes

221

(1)

I. Expansion of Professional Services

221

(1)

J. Site Services

221

(1)

14.02 Overview of Chapters 14 and 15

221

(1)

A. Applicable Law

221

B. Types of Harm

256

14.03 Claims Against Design Professionals: Some Illustrations

222

(2)

14.04 Specific Contract Standard

224

(4)

A. Likelihood of Specific Standard

224

(1)

B. Client Satisfaction

224

(1)

C. Fitness Standard

225

(1)

D. Quantitative or Qualitative Performance Standards

226

(1)

E. Indemnification

227

(1)

F. Cost Overruns Caused by Design

227

(1)

G. Contractual Diminution of Legal Standard

228

(1)

14.05 The Professional Standard: What Would Others Have Done?

228

(8)

A. Defined and Justified: City of Mounds View v. Walijarvi

228

(3)

B. Expert Testimony and the Professional Standard

231

(1)

C. Building and Housing Codes: The Americans with Disabilities Act

231

(2)

D. Contractual Diminution of Standard: Informed Consent

233

(2)

E. Tort and Contract

235

(1)

14.06 Expert Testimony

236

(7)

A. Purpose and Exceptions to General Rule

236

(2)

B. Admissibility of Testimony: National Cash Register Co. v. Haak

238

(4)

C. Critique of System

242

(1)

D. Advice to Expert Witnesses

243

(1)

14.07 Implied Warranty: An Outcome Standard

243

(2)

14.08 Third-Party Claims: Special Problems

245

(20)

A. Potential Third Parties

245

(1)

B. Contracts for Benefit of Third Parties

245

(1)

C. Tort Law: Privity and Duty

245

(3)

D. Negligent Misrepresentation: Ossining Union Free School District v. Anderson La Rocca Anderson

248

(4)

E. Economic Loss Rule: Losses Unconnected to Personal Harm or Damage to Property

252

(2)

F. Interference with Contract or Prospective Advantage--The Adviser's Privilege

254

(2)

G. Safety and the Design Professional: Krieger v. Greiner and Reich v. Simpson, Gumpertz & Heger, Inc.

256

(8)

H. Action Taken on Site

264

(1)

I. Safety Legislation

265

(1)

J. Summary

265

(1)

14.09 Special Legal Defenses

265

(5)

A. Approval by Client

265

(1)

B. Acceptance of the Project

266

(1)

C. Passage of Time: Statutes of Limitations

266

(1)

D. Decisions and Immunity

267

(2)

E. Recent Legislative Activities

269

(1)

14.10 Remedies

270

(1)

A. Against Design Professionals

270

(1)

B. Against Co-Wrongdoers

270

(1)

14.11 Current Controversies: Some Observations

270

(5)

A. The Professional Standard: Should Professionals Be Treated Differently?

270

(2)

B. The Design Professional's Duty to Workers

272

(1)

C. Injection of Tort Law into the Commercial World: A Wild Card

273

(1)

D. The Effect of Expanded Professional Liability

274

(1)

Problems

275

(1)

CHAPTER FIFTEEN Risk Management: A Variety of Techniques

276

(13)

15.01 Sound Economic Basis: Bargaining Power

276

(1)

15.02 Evaluating the Commission: Participants and Project

276

(1)

15.03 Contractual Risk Control

277

(4)

A. Scope of Services

277

(1)

B. Standard of Performance

277

(1)

C. Exclusion of Consequential Damages

277

(1)

D. Limiting Liability to Client

278

(2)

E. Immunity: Decision Making

280

(1)

F. Contractual Statute of Limitations

280

(1)

G. Third-Party Claims

280

(1)

H. Dispute Resolution

280

(1)

I. The Residue

280

(1)

J. Some Suggestions

281

(1)

15.04 Indemnity: Risk Shifting or Sharing

281

(1)

15.05 Professional Liability Insurance: Risk Spreading

282

(5)

A. Requirement of Professional Liability Insurance

282

(1)

B. Volatility of Insurance Market

282

(1)

C. Regulation

282

(1)

D. Premiums

283

(1)

E. Policy Types: Occurrence or Claims Made

283

(1)

F. Coverage and Exclusions

283

(2)

G. Deductible Policies

285

(1)

H. Policy Limits

285

(1)

I. Notice of Claim: Cooperation

286

(1)

J. Duty to Defend

286

(1)

K. Settlement

287

(1)

L. Multiparty Policies

287

(1)

M. Termination

287

(1)

15.06 Preparing to Face Claims

287

(1)

Problems

288

(1)

CHAPTER SIXTEEN Intellectual Property: Ideas, Copyrights, Patents, and Trade Secrets

289

(13)

16.01 Relevance to Design Professional

289

(1)

16.02 An Overview

289

(1)

A. Specificity of Discussion

289

(1)

B. Purpose of Protection

290

(1)

C. Exclusions from Discussion: Trademarks and Shop Rights

290

(1)

16.03 The Copyright Law of 1976

290

(2)

A. Common Law Copyright Abolished

290

(1)

B. Statutory Copyright

290

(1)

Classification of Copyrightable Works

290

(1)

291

(1)

Codification of Fair Use Doctrine

291

(1)

Obtaining a Copyright

291

(1)

Remedies for Infringement: Increase in Statutory Damages

291

(1)

Works Commissioned by U.S. Government

292

(1)

16.04 Special Copyright Problems of Design Professionals

292

(4)

A. Attitude of Design Professionals Toward Copyright Protection

292

(1)

B. What Might Be Copied?

292

(1)

C. Common Law Copyright and Publication

292

(1)

D. Statutory Copyright

292

(4)

E. Advice to Design Professionals

296

(1)

16.05 Moral Rights of Artists

296

(1)

16.06 Patents: Some Observations and Comparisons

296

(1)

A. Scope of Coverage

296

(1)

B. Patent and Copyright Compared

296

(1)

16.07 Trade Secrets

297

(5)

A. Definition

297

(1)

B. Context of Trade Secret Litigation

298

(1)

C. Contrast to Patents: Disclosure v. Secrecy

298

(1)

D. Adjusting Competing Social Values

298

(1)

E. Availability of Legal Protection

299

(1)

Duty Not to Disclose or Use: Confidential Relationship and Contract

299

(1)

Nature of Information

299

(1)

Employees Cases

300

(1)

F. Scope of Remedy

300

(1)

G. Duration of Protection

301

(1)

H. Advice to Design Professionals

301

(1)

CHAPTER SEVENTEEN Planning the Project: Compensation and Organization Variations

302

(36)

17.01 Overview

302

(1)

A. Some Attributes of the Construction Industry

302

(1)

B. Owner's Objectives

302

(1)

C. Blending Business and Legal Judgments

302

(1)

D. Public vs. Private Projects

303

(1)

17.02 Pricing Variations

303

(9)

A. Fixed-Price or Lump-Sum Contracts: Some Variations

303

(2)

B. Cost Contracts

305

(2)

C. Value Engineering

307

(1)

D. Unit Pricing

308

(3)

E. Cash Allowance

311

(1)

F. Contingencies

311

(1)

Problems

311

(1)

17.03 Traditional Organization: Owner's Perspective

312

(1)

A. Traditional System Reviewed

312

(1)

B. Weaknesses

312

(1)

17.04 Modern Variations

313

(19)

A. Introductory Remarks

313

(1)

B. Phased Construction (Fast-Tracking)

314

(1)

C. Separate Contracts (Multiple Primes): Broadway Maintenance v. Rutgers

315

(7)

D. Construction Management

322

(3)

E. Turnkey Contracts

325

(1)

F. Combining Designing and Building (DB)

326

(3)

G. Partnering

329

(1)

H. Teaming Agreements

330

(1)

I. Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT)

331

(1)

J. Summary

332

(1)

17.05 Administrative Problems

332

(6)

A. Overview

332

(1)

B. Authority: Special Problems of Construction Contracts

332

(3)

C. Communications

335

(1)

Problems

336

(2)

CHAPTER EIGHTEEN Competitive Bidding: Theory, Realities, and Legal Pitfalls

338

(25)

18.01 Basic Objectives Reconsidered

338

(1)

18.02 Competitive Bidding: Theories and Some Pitfalls

338

(2)

18.03 The Competitive Bidding Process

340

(5)

A. Objectives

340

(1)

B. Invitation to Bidders

340

(1)

C. Prequalification

340

(1)

D. Two-Step Process

341

(1)

E. First Article

341

(1)

F. Deposits

341

(1)

G. Alternates

341

(1)

H. Information to Bidders

342

(1)

I. Bid Proposals: Changes

342

(1)

J. Bid Opening

343

(1)

K. Evaluations of Bids

343

(1)

L. Notification to Bidders

344

(1)

M. Postaward Changes

344

(1)

N. Signing the Formal Contract

344

(1)

O. Readvertising

344

(1)

P. Special Rules for Public Contracts

344

(1)

18.04 Some Legal Aspects of Competitive Bidding

345

(16)

A. Invitation to Bidders

345

(1)

B. Duty to Disclose

346

(1)

C. Bid Proposal

346

(1)

D. Award and Waiving of Irregularities: Conduit and Foundation Corp. v. Metropolitan Transportation Authority

347

(4)

E. Withdrawal or Correction of Mistaken Bids: Sulzer Bingham Pumps, Inc. v. Lockheed Missiles and Space Company, Inc.

351

(5)

F. Bid Deposit

356

(2)

G. The Formal Contract

358

(1)

H. Bidding Documents

358

(1)

I. Judicial Review of Agency Action

359

(1)

J. Illegal Contracts

359

(2)

18.05 Subcontractor Bids

361

(1)

Problems

361

(2)

CHAPTER NINETEEN Sources of Construction Contract Rights and Duties: Contract Documents and Legal Rules

363

(14)

19.01 Contract Documents

363

(9)

A. Bidding Documents

363

(1)

B. Basic Agreement

363

(1)

C. Drawings (Plans)

363

(2)

D. Specifications and Fruin-Colnon v. Niagara Frontier: Work Preservation Clauses

365

(3)

E. Conditions: General and Supplementary

368

(2)

F. Site Subsurface Test Reports

370

(1)

G. Prior Negotiations and the Parol Evidence Rule

370

(1)

H. Modifications

371

(1)

19.02 Judicially Determined Terms

372

(5)

A. Necessity to Imply Terms

372

(2)

B. Custom

374

(1)

C. Building Laws

374

(1)

D. Good Faith and Fair Dealing

375

(1)

E. Unconscionability

376

(1)

CHAPTER TWENTY Contract Interpretation: Chronic Confusion

377

(13)

20.01 Basic Objectives

377

(1)

20.02 Language Interpretation: Newsom v. United States

377

(7)

20.03 Resolving Conflicts and Inconsistencies

384

(4)

A. Within the Written Agreement

384

(1)

B. Between Documents: Unicon Management Corporation v. United States

385

(3)

20.04 Reformation of Contracts

388

(1)

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Legal Aspects of Architecture, Engineering and the Construction Process

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials