The Legal, Ethical, and Regulatory Environment of Business

, by Fisher, Bruce D.; Phillips, Michael J.

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ISBN: 9780538878807 | 0538878800
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 6/1/1998

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The chapters in this text are arranged in seven functional modules to emphasize the relevance of legal environment topics to business functions (e.g., marketing, finance, human resources, accounting, and manufacturing). Excerpted cases include substantial portions of original language of the court and competing arguments. The text presents a strong emphasis on ethics, international law, environmental law, and women's legal concerns. Internet exercises and applications new to this edition expose students to the web as a resource.

TABLE OF CASES

PREFACE

MODULE 1 LEGAL and BUSINESS ETHICS, OVERVIEW, and FINDING the LAW

(60)

1 The Law: Legal and Business Ethics

(38)

Positive Law Ethical Problems

(1)

The Meaning, Nature, and Limits of Ethics

(1)

Nature (A Priori) and Limits to Ethics (Ethical Ambiguity)

(1)

The Ethic of Positive Law

(6)

Positive Law Defined

(1)

Some Positive Law Characteristics

(2)

Rushing v. Powell

(1)

Other Possible Weaknesses of Positive Law

(1)

Democratic, Constitutional, Empirically Based Positive Law: The Ethic of Our Times

(1)

Why Democratic, Constitutional, Empirically Based Law Is the Ethic of Our Time

(2)

Jurisprudence: The Study of Other Ethics (Values) Influencing Positive Law

(14)

The Ethic of Justice

(3)

Riggs v. Palmer

(1)

The Ethic of Power

(3)

Yancey v. State Personnel Board

(1)

The Ethic of Custom

(2)

Geary v. U.S. Steel Corporation

(1)

Advantages of Custom

(1)

Disadvantages of Custom

(1)

The Ethic of Norms of Conduct

(1)

The Ethic of Civilization

(2)

Regina v. Dudley and Stephens

(1)

The Ethic of Reality

(1)

Delaware Tire Center v. Fox

(1)

The Ethic of Utility

(3)

In the Matter of Baby M, a pseudonym for an actual person

(1)

Summary

(1)

Further Points about Legal Ethics

(2)

Ethical Unity

(1)

Which Ethic Is "Right"?

(1)

Communitarianism

(1)

Business Ethics

(3)

Definition of Business Ethics

(2)

How Business Ethics Relate to Legal Ethics

(1)

Manager's Ethical Decision Model

(1)

Strategy for Managers Confronting an Ethical Problem

(1)

Caveats in Applying the Manager's Ethical Decision Model

(1)

Objectives of Law

(1)

Justice, Speed, and Economy

(1)

Flexibility

(1)

Stability and Knowability

(1)

Why Study Law?

(1)

What Is the Legal Environment?

(1)

Chapter Summary

(1)

Manager's Ethical Dilemma

(2)

Internet Exercises

(1)

Discussion Questions

(3)

Suggested Readings

(3)

2 Overview and Finding Law

(22)

Positive Law Ethical Problem

(1)

Forms of Law

(1)

Constitutions

(1)

Statutes

(1)

Federal Administrative Regulations and Executive Orders

(1)

Classifications of Law

(9)

Substantive Law and Procedural Law

(1)

Civil Law and Criminal Law

(1)

Differences Between Civil and Criminal Law

(3)

Possible Overlap of Civil and Criminal Law

(5)

U.S. v. Usery

(4)

Diagrams of Civil and Criminal Law

(1)

Finding the Law

(5)

Finding National and State Constitutions

(1)

Finding Legislative Enactments

(1)

Codes Organize Statutes by Subject

(1)

Finding Federal Administrative Regulations

(1)

Finding Information About Federal Agencies

(1)

Finding Common Law

(1)

Reporters

(1)

Using Computers to Find the Law

(1)

Internet Computer Searches to Find the Law

(1)

How to Analyze a Case

(2)

What Is a Judicial Opinion?

(1)

Many Issues in a Case

(1)

The Purpose of Cases in Texts

(1)

The Meaning of Briefing

(1)

Chapter Summary

(1)

Manager's Ethical Dilemma

(1)

Internet Exercises

(1)

Discussion Questions

(1)

Suggested Readings

(2)

MODULE 2 Business and Legal Systems: Courts, Legislatures, Administrative Agencies, Constitutional and International Law Affecting Regulation

(210)

3 Sources of Law: Political and Institutional

(26)

Positive Law Ethical Problems

(1)

Political Sources of Law

(3)

Monarchy

(1)

Oligarchy

(1)

Democracy

(1)

Anarchy

(1)

The Social Compact (Government)

(1)

Hobbesian and Lockean Social Compacts

(1)

The U.S. Social Compact

(1)

Federalism

(1)

Federalism Today

(1)

Institutional Sources of Law: Courts and Legislatures

(19)

Courts and Court Systems

(1)

State Courts

(5)

Kopycinski v. Aserkoff

(1)

Federal Courts

(4)

In Which System Should I Sue?

(2)

Erie Railroad v. Tompkins

(2)

Legislatures and Legislative Forms

(4)

McBoyle v. United Steel

(1)

Differences Between Courts and Legislatures

(3)

Chapter Summary

(1)

Manager's Ethical Dilemma

(1)

Internet Exercises

(1)

Discussion Questions

(1)

Suggested Readings

(2)

4 Settling Legal Disputes: Alternative Dispute Resolution and Civil Lawsuits

(36)

Positive Law Ethical Problems

(1)

Alternative Dispute Resolution

(6)

Conciliation

(1)

Mediation

(1)

Arbitration

(1)

Advantages of ADR

(1)

Disadvantages of ADR

(1)

Types of Disputes for Suitable ADR Settlement

(1)

ADR under the Federal Arbitration Act of 1925

(1)

Hostility to ADR in Brokerage Disputes: Wilko v. Swan

(1)

Supreme Court Reassessment of Arbitration

(3)

Rodriguez de Quijas v. Shearson American Express, Inc.

(3)

SEC Rules Regarding Arbitration

(1)

The Attorney's Role in the Legal System

(8)

The Reason for Attorneys

(1)

Attorney Fees

(1)

Attorney Billings

100

(2)

Committee on Professional Ethics v. Chipokas

100

(2)

Finding a Lawyer--Attorney Advertising

102

(3)

Florida Bar v. Went For It, Inc.

103

(2)

Attorneys and the Middle Class

105

(1)

Overview of Civil Lawsuits

106

(18)

Who May Sue: The Standing Issue

106

(2)

Class Actions

108

(1)

Recognizing a Legal Wrong

109

(1)

Statute of Limitations

109

(1)

Burden of Proof

110

(1)

Jurisdiction

111

(1)

Cause of Action

111

(1)

Starting Lawsuits: The Complaint

111

(5)

Defendant's Response: The Answer

116

(1)

Pretrial Discovery and Pretrial Conferences

116

(1)

Motions

117

(1)

The Trial, Verdict, and Judgment

117

(1)

Res Judicata

117

(2)

Appeals

119

(1)

Collecting Judgment

119

(5)

Conclusion

124

(1)

Chapter Summary

124

(1)

Manager's Ethical Dilemma

125

(1)

Internet Exercises

125

(1)

Discussion Questions

126

(1)

Suggested Readings

126

(1)

5 Business and the Constitution

127

(34)

Positive Law Ethical Problem

127

(1)

The United States Constitution: An Overview

128

(1)

The Nature of Constitutional Decision Making

129

(2)

Why the Constitution's Meaning Changes

129

(1)

The Supreme Court's Power and Its Limits

130

(1)

Enumerated Powers and Independent Constitutional Checks

131

(1)

Enumerated Powers

131

(1)

Independent Constitutional Checks

132

(1)

An Introduction to the Remainder of the Chapter

132

(1)

State Power to Regulate the Economy

132

(1)

Three Enumerated Congressional Powers

133

(3)

The Commerce Power

133

(2)

United States v. Lopez

134

(1)

The Taxing Power

135

(1)

The Spending Power

135

(1)

Independent Constitutional Checks Applying to Both Congress and the States

136

(12)

Introduction

136

(4)

San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. United States Olympic Committee

139

(1)

Business and the First Amendment

140

(2)

44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island

141

(1)

Due Process

142

(3)

BMW of North America v. Gore

144

(1)

Equal Protection

145

(3)

City of Dallas v. Stanglin

146

(2)

Independent Constitutional Checks Applying Only to the States

148

(5)

The Contract Clause

148

(1)

State Regulation of Interstate Commerce

149

(2)

Wyoming v. Oklahoma

150

(1)

Federal Preemption

151

(2)

Wisconsin Public Intervenor v. Mortier

152

(1)

The Takings Clause

153

(3)

Taking

153

(1)

Property

153

(1)

Public Use

153

(1)

Just Compensation

154

(2)

Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council

154

(2)

Chapter Summary

156

(1)

Managers' Ethical Dilemma

157

(1)

Internet Exercises

157

(1)

Discussion Questions

157

(2)

Suggested Readings

159

(2)

6 Government Regulation: Overview

161

(24)

Positive Law Ethical Problems

161

(1)

Administrative Law and Administrative Agencies

162

(4)

Origin and Purpose of Administrative Agencies

162

(3)

Legislative Delegations to Agencies: Enabling Acts

165

(1)

Some Important Federal Administrative Statutes

166

(9)

Federal Register Act

166

(2)

Federal Crop Ins. Corp. v. Merrill

167

(1)

Administrative Procedure Act (APA)

168

(1)

Freedom of Information Act

168

(1)

Federal Privacy Act of 1974

169

(3)

State ex rel. Beacon Journal Pub. v. Akron

170

(2)

Government in the Sunshine Act

172

(1)

Protection for Federal Whistleblowers

172

(3)

Mintzmyer v. Department of the Interior

173

(2)

Controlling Administrative Agencies

175

(7)

The Courts

176

(1)

Sunset Laws

176

(1)

Ombudspersons

176

(1)

Federal Civil Rights Suits

177

(1)

Legislative Vetoes

177

(1)

Federal Tort Claims Act

177

(5)

United States v. Gaubert

178

(4)

Chapter Summary

182

(1)

Manager's Ethical Dilemma

183

(1)

Internet Exercises

183

(1)

Discussion Questions

183

(1)

Suggested Readings

184

(1)

7 Government Regulation: Anatomy of a Regulation

185

(34)

Positive Law Ethical Problems

185

(1)

The Functions of Administrative Agencies

186

(1)

Executive

186

(1)

Adjudicatory

186

(1)

Legislative

187

(1)

The Law Governing Federal Agencies' Regulation Making

187

(1)

The Life of a Federal Regulation

188

(20)

Step 1. Society Perceives a Problem

188

(1)

Step 2. Congress Passes an Enabling Act

188

(1)

Step 3. An Agency Studies the Problem

189

(1)

Step 4. The Agency Proposes a Regulation

189

(7)

Omnipoint Corp. v. F.C.C.

190

(5)

National Tour Brokers Association v. United States

195

(1)

Step 5. The Public Comments

196

(6)

Step 6. The Agency Promulgates, Modifies, or Withdraws the Regulation

202

(1)

Step 7. Challenges in Court to the Promulgated Regulation

202

(6)

Ethyl Corp. v. Environmental Protection Agency

203

(4)

Ernst & Ernst v. Hochfelder

207

(1)

Recent Changes in Rulemaking

208

(1)

Concluding Points About Rulemaking

208

(2)

No Right to a Hearing

208

(1)

A Warning

208

(1)

Reg-Neg: A Possible Future Direction for Federal Rulemaking

208

(1)

Help for Small Businesses in Regulation Making

209

(1)

Chapter Summary

210

(1)

Manager's Ethical Dilemma

210

(1)

Internet Exercises

211

(1)

Discussion Questions

211

(1)

Suggested Readings

212

(7)

8 Government Regulation: Enforcing and Adjudicating Regulations

219

(14)

Positive Law Ethical Problems

219

(1)

The Life of a Federal Regulation

220

(10)

Step 8. An Agency Enforces Valid Reg through Investigation, Prosecution, and Administration

220

(6)

Marshall v. Barlow's, Inc.

221

(3)

United States v. Ward

224

(2)

Step 9. Agencies Hold Adjudicatory Hearings

226

(1)

Step 10. Appeal of Administrative Law Judge's Decision

227

(3)

Wasson v. Securities and Exchange Commission

228

(2)

Chapter Summary

230

(1)

Manager's Ethical Dilemma

230

(1)

Internet Exercises

231

(1)

Discussion Questions

231

(1)

Suggested Readings

232

(1)

9 Law in International Business: Public Law

233

(18)

Positive Law Ethical Problems

233

(1)

Definition and Sources of International Law

234

(1)

The Nature and Extent of U.S. International Trade

234

(3)

Current Policy

235

(1)

Most Favored Nations Clauses in Treaties

235

(2)

Institutions Affecting International Business

237

(6)

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and WTO

237

(1)

GATT Dispute Settlement Panel Report: United States--Restrictions on Imports of Tuna

238

(2)

United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL)

240

(1)

European Economic Community (EEC)

241

(1)

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

241

(2)

Overseas Private Investor Corporation (OPIC)

243

(1)

United States International Trade Commission

243

(3)

Generalized System of Preferences

244

(1)

Industry Adjustments to Import Competition

244

(1)

Import Interference with Agricultural Programs

244

(1)

International Trade: Comparing Unit Labor Costs Among Nations

244

(2)

Protecting U.S. Patents, Copyrights, and Trademarks Abroad: Special 301

246

(1)

Restraints on International Business

246

(2)

U.S. Antitrust Laws

246

(1)

Antitrust in the European Economic Community

247

(1)

Chapter Summary

248

(1)

Manager's Ethical Dilemma

249

(1)

Internet Exercises

249

(1)

Discussion Questions

249

(1)

Suggested Readings

249

(2)

10 International Law: Private Business Dealings in a Global Context

251

(22)

Positive Law Ethical Problems

251

(1)

An International Business Deal--Foreign Seller/U.S. Buyer

252

(4)

Why Art Does Not Pay Ali Directly

252

(1)

Solution: A Letter of Credit and a Bill of Lading

252

(1)

The Art-Ali Rug Contract Using a Letter of Credit and a Bill of Lading

253

(1)

Letters of Credit: The Independence Principle

253

(1)

GATX Leasing Corp v. DBM Drilling Corp.

254

(1)

Stopping Payment on Letters of Credit: Forgery

254

(1)

Stopping Payment on Irrevocable Letters of Credit: Fraud

254

(1)

Sztejn v. J. Schroder Banking Corp.

254

(1)

Harmonized Tariff Schedules

255

(1)

Importing Gray Market Goods

256

(7)

Case 1 Gray Market Goods

256

(1)

Case 2 Gray Market Goods

256

(2)

Case 3 Gray Market Goods

258

(2)

K Mart Corporation v. Cartier, Inc.

258

(2)

Bribing to Get Foreign Business

260

(1)

Act of State Doctrine

260

(3)

Riedel v. Buncam, SA

261

(2)

What to Do When Things Go Wrong in an International Business Deal

263

(6)

Ways of Settling Disputes

263

(1)

Two Problems Involving Lawsuits By and Against Foreign Governments

264

(5)

In re Union Carbide Corp. Gas Plant Disaster

265

(4)

Two Remaining Legal Problems: Expropriation and Repatriation

269

(1)

Repatriation

269

(1)

Chapter Summary

269

(1)

Manager's Ethical Dilemma

270

(1)

Internet Exercises

270

(1)

Discussion Questions

271

(1)

Suggested Readings

271

(2)

MODULE 3 Private Law Affecting Entrepreneurs

273

(110)

11 Torts: Negligence, Strict Liability, and Intentional Torts

275

(32)

Positive Law Ethical Problems

275

(1)

What Is a Tort?

276

(1)

Placing Torts in General Business Law

276

(1)

Torts Compared with Crimes

276

(1)

Tort Law Is a Legal Laboratory

277

(1)

Tort Classifications

277

(1)

Negligence

277

(11)

Duty

277

(4)

First Florida Bank v. Max Mitchell & Co.

278

(3)

Standard of Care

281

(3)

Munford, Inc. v. Peterson

282

(2)

Proximate Cause

284

(1)

Palsgraf v. Long Island Railroad Co.

284

(1)

Damages

285

(1)

Defenses to Negligence

285

(3)

Halvorson v. Voeller

286

(2)

Strict Liability

288

(1)

Why Allow Ultrahazardous Activities?

288

(1)

Defenses

288

(1)

Indiana Harbor Belt Railroad Co. v. American Cyanamid Co.

288

(1)

Intentional Torts

289

(15)

Intentional Torts Compared with Crimes

289

(1)

Intentional Torts Compared with Negligence

289

(1)

Intentional Torts Compared with Contracts

290

(1)

Remedies for Intentional Torts

290

(1)

Fraud

290

(3)

Hewlett v. Hewlett

291

(2)

False Imprisonment

293

(1)

Invasion of Privacy

294

(2)

Harkey v. Abate

295

(1)

Conversion

296

(1)

Abuse of Process

297

(1)

Wrongful Interference with Contractual Relations

297

(4)

Texaco, Inc. v. Pennzoil, Co.

298

(3)

Intentional Infliction of Mental Distress

301

(1)

Defamation

301

(3)

Jenkins v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.

302

(2)

Chapter Summary

304

(1)

Manager's Ethical Dilemma

305

(1)

Internet Exercises

305

(1)

Discussion Questions

305

(1)

Suggested Readings

306

(1)

12 Nature, Definition, and Classification of Contracts

307

(26)

Positive Law Ethical Problems

307

(1)

How Contracts Fit into the Market Economy

308

(2)

Trends in Contract Law

308

(1)

Philosophies Found in Contract Law

308

(1)

Law Governing Contracts

308

(1)

Contract Definitions

309

(1)

The Objective Theory of Contracts

309

(1)

Contract Classifications

310

(6)

Bilateral and Unilateral Contracts

310

(2)

Davis v. Jacoby

311

(1)

Express and Implied Contracts

312

(1)

Valid, Voidable, Void, and Unenforceable Contracts

313

(1)

Executed and Executory Contracts

313

(1)

Quasi-Contracts

313

(3)

Matter of Estate of Milborn

314

(2)

The Making of a Contract: The Offer

316

(6)

Intent Needed to Make an Offer

317

(1)

Unenforceable "Offers"

317

(1)

Invitations to Negotiate

317

(1)

Certainty

318

(1)

Communication Requirement of Offers

318

(1)

How Offers End

319

(2)

Gibbs v. American Sav. & Loan Ass'n

320

(1)

Offers to Form Unilateral Contracts

321

(1)

The Making of a Contract: The Acceptance

322

(5)

Glover v. Jewish War Veterans of the United States

322

(2)

How to Accept

324

(1)

Champagne Chrysler-Plymouth, Inc. v. Giles

324

(1)

Who Can Accept

325

(1)

Silence as Acceptance

325

(1)

Acceptances Adding to or Varying from the Offer: Common Law Exactness Rule

326

(1)

Acceptance Adding to or Varying from the Offer: The UCC Rule

326

(1)

When Is an Acceptance Effective?

326

(1)

Acceptances at an Auction

327

(1)

Consideration

327

(2)

Hamer v. Sidway

327

(1)

Reason for the Consideration Rule

328

(1)

"Bargained for" Part of the Consideration Definition

328

(1)

Adequacy of Consideration

329

(1)

Chapter Summary

329

(1)

Manager's Ethical Dilemma

330

(1)

Internet Exercises

330

(1)

Discussion Questions

330

(1)

Suggested Readings

331

(2)

13 Property

333

(28)

Positive Law Ethical Problems

333

(1)

Definition of Property

334

(1)

Legal Philosophies Reflected in Property Law

334

(1)

Property Law Is State Law

334

(1)

Title and Title Documents

335

(1)

Property Classifications

335

(1)

Personalty, Realty, and Fixtures

335

(1)

Tangible and Intangible Property

336

(1)

Public and Private Property

336

(1)

Types of Real Property Estates

336

(1)

Ways to Hold Title to Real Property

337

(1)

How Property Is Acquired

338

(10)

Theft

339

(5)

Autocephalus Greek-Orthodox Church v. Goldberg

339

(3)

Pieper v. Pontiff

342

(2)

Gift

344

(1)

Capture

344

(1)

Finding

344

(1)

Inheritance

345

(1)

Trust

346

(2)

Manufacture

348

(1)

Confusion

348

(1)

Purchase

348

(1)

Uses of Property

348

(6)

Bailment

348

(1)

Leases, Licenses, and Easements

349

(1)

The Uniform Residential Landlord Tenant Act (URLTA)

350

(4)

Allison by Fox v. Page

352

(2)

Limits on Property

354

(2)

Nuisance Law

354

(1)

Taxation

354

(1)

Eminent Domain

355

(1)

Hawaii Housing Authority v. Midkiff

355

(1)

Chapter Summary

356

(1)

Manager's Ethical Dilemma

357

(1)

Internet Exercises

357

(1)

Discussion Questions

358

(1)

Suggested Readings

359

(2)

14 Law and Technology: Protecting Inventions and Intellectual Property

361

(22)

Positive Law Ethical Problems

361

(1)

Quasi-Contract

362

(4)

Kaplan v. Michtom

363

(1)

Wolfe v. American Airlines, Inc.

364

(2)

Trade Secrets

366

(3)

Geritrex Corp. v. DermaRite Industries, LLC

366

(3)

Copyrights

369

(3)

Whelan Associates, Inc. v. Jaslow Dental Laboratories, Inc.

369

(3)

Trademarks

372

(3)

Mutual of Omaha Insurance Co. v. Novak

373

(2)

Patents

375

(5)

Violation of Someone's Patent: Infringement

376

(4)

Kearns v. Chrysler Corp.

376

(2)

Diamond v. Diehr

378

(2)

International Protection of Intellectual Property

380

(1)

Chapter Summary

380

(1)

Manager's Ethical Dilemma

381

(1)

Internet Exercises

381

(1)

Discussion Questions

381

(1)

Suggested Readings

381

(2)

MODULE 4 Law Affecting the Business Personnel Department

383

(130)

15 Employer-Employee Relations: Common Law Rules

385

(36)

Positive Law Ethical Problems

385

(1)

Employer-Employee Legal Classifications

386

(8)

Who May Be Principals

387

(1)

Who May Be Agents, Servants, and Independent Contractors

387

(1)

Effect of Different Employer-Employee Classifications

387

(4)

Fruit v. Schreiner

388

(3)

Types of Agents

391

(1)

Why Employ an Independent Contractor

391

(3)

Toyota Motor Sales v. Superior Court

392

(2)

How Agency Authority Is Created

394

(4)

Express Authority

394

(1)

Implied Authority

395

(1)

Apparent Authority

395

(2)

Northington v. Dairyland Insurance Co.

396

(1)

Ratification

397

(1)

Common Law Duties that Masters Owe Servants

398

(3)

Overstreet v. Norman

399

(2)

Common Law Duties that Principals Owe Agents

401

(3)

Geise v. Phoenix Co. of Chicago, Inc.

402

(2)

Common Law Duties That Agents Owe Principals

404

(3)

Duty to Account

404

(1)

Duty to Use Care and Skill

404

(3)

Boothby v. Texon, Inc.

405

(2)

Fiduciary Duty

407

(1)

Duty to Follow Instructions

407

(1)

Common Law Duties that Servants Owe Masters

407

(1)

Agent's or Servant's Liability to Third Persons: Torts

408

(1)

Agent's Liability to Third Persons: Contracts

408

(1)

Liability for Crimes

409

(4)

Employee Liability

409

(1)

Employer Liability

410

(1)

Corporate Employer Liability

410

(3)

United States v. Gibson Products Co., Inc.

411

(2)

How Agencies End

413

(5)

Ending the Employment Relationship: Employment At-Will

414

(3)

Wlasiuk v. Whirlpool Corp.

415

(2)

Notice of the Agency's Ending

417

(1)

Chapter Summary

418

(1)

Manager's Ethical Dilemma

419

(1)

Internet Exercises

419

(1)

Discussion Questions

419

(1)

Suggested Readings

420

(1)

16 Employer-Employee Relations: Some Important Statutes

421

(34)

Positive Law Ethical Problems

421

(1)

Job Safety and Statutory Recovery

422

(11)

Worker's Compensation

422

(5)

Cormier v. Resthaven Nursing Home

424

(3)

Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)

427

(6)

Whirlpool Corp. v. Marshall

430

(3)

Workers' Financial Security

433

(19)

Fair Labor Standards Act

433

(5)

Donovan v. Burger King Corporation

435

(3)

Equal Pay Act

438

(1)

Unemployment Compensation

438

(3)

New York Tel. Co. v. New York St. Dept. of Labor

439

(2)

Social Security

441

(3)

Regulation of Employee Pensions

444

(1)

Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA)

445

(6)

Lockheed Corporation v. Speink

446

(3)

Alessi v. Raybestos-Manhattan, Inc.

449

(2)

Plant Closing Legislation

451

(1)

Chapter Summary

452

(1)

Manager's Ethical Dilemma

453

(1)

Internet Exercises

453

(1)

Discussion Questions

453

(1)

Suggested Readings

454

(1)

17 Employment Discrimination

455

(24)

Positive Law Ethical Problem

455

(1)

The Equal Pay Act

456

(3)

The Elements of an Equal Pay Act

457

(1)

EPA Defenses

457

(1)

EPA Remedies

457

(2)

Fowler v. Land Management Groupe, Inc.

458

(1)

Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act

459

(10)

Coverage

459

(1)

Procedures

459

(1)

Proving a Title VII Violation

460

(1)

Defense of Title VII Claims

461

(2)

Auto Workers v. Johnson Controls, Inc.

462

(1)

Remedies for Title VII Violations

463

(1)

Race and Color Discrimination

464

(1)

Sex Discrimination

464

(3)

Griffith v. Keystone Steel and Wire

466

(1)

National Origin Discrimination

467

(1)

Discrimination Based on Religion

468

(1)

Cook v. Chrysler Corporation

468

(1)

Section 1981

469

(1)

Executive Order 11246

469

(1)

Age Discrimination in Employment Act

470

(2)

Entities Covered

470

(1)

Procedures

470

(1)

Proving an ADEA Violation

470

(1)

Defenses

470

(1)

Remedies

471

(1)

O'Connor v. Consolidated Coin Caterers Corporation

471

(1)

The Americans with Disabilities Act

472

(3)

Entities Covered

472

(1)

Prohibited Discrimination

472

(1)

Defenses

473

(2)

Sarsycki v. United Parcel Service

474

(1)

State Employment Discrimination Laws

475

(1)

Chapter Summary

475

(1)

Manager's Ethical Dilemma

475

(1)

Internet Exercises

476

(1)

Discussion Questions

476

(1)

Suggested Readings

477

(2)

18 Federal Labor Law: Unionization and Collective Bargaining

479

(34)

Positive Law Ethical Problems

479

(1)

History of Unions in the United States

480

(2)

Current Trends

480

(1)

Effect of Unions

481

(1)

Development of Labor Law

482

(2)

The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB)

484

(4)

NLRB Jurisdiction

484

(2)

Holly Farms Corp. v. NLRB

485

(1)

Unfair Labor Practices

486

(2)

Union-Employer Conflicts and Common Grounds

488

(5)

Union Organizational Efforts

489

(1)

Preelection Campaign Statements

490

(3)

NLRB v. Vemco, Inc.

491

(2)

Court Review of NLRB Union Certification

493

(14)

Frequency of Representation Election

493

(1)

Runaway Shop

494

(2)

Milwaukee Spring Division of Illinios Coil Spring Company v. National Labor Relations Board

494

(2)

Bankruptcy to Escape Collective Bargaining Agreements

496

(1)

Going Out of Business

496

(1)

Duty to Bargain

496

(1)

Bargaining Topics

497

(2)

Radisson Plaza Minneapolis v. NLRB

498

(1)

The Collective Bargaining Agreement

499

(1)

Employer Attempt to Disavow Collective Bargaining Agreements

500

(1)

Auciello Iron Works, Inc. v. NLRB

500

(1)

Collective Bargaining Agreement: Arbitration Provisions

501

(3)

United Paperworkers International Union v. Misco, Inc.

501

(2)

Fall River Dyeing & Finishing Corp. v. NLRB

503

(1)

Devices Affecting Union Security

504

(1)

Strikes and Lockouts

505

(1)

Secondary Boycotts

505

(2)

National Woodwork Manufacturers Ass'n v. NLRB

506

(1)

Voting Out the Union: Decertification Elections

507

(1)

Unions for Government Employees

508

(1)

Labor Laws Covering Federal Employees

508

(1)

Labor Laws Covering State and Municipal Government Employees

508

(1)

Chapter Summary

508

(1)

Manager's Ethical Dilemma

509

(1)

Internet Exercises

510

(1)

Discussion Questions

510

(1)

Suggested Readings

511

(2)

MODULE 5 Law Affecting Business's Financing

513

(84)

19 Business Organizations

515

(44)

Positive Law Ethical Problems

515

(1)

Sole Proprietorships

516

(2)

Legal Form

516

(1)

Reasons for Sole Proprietorships

516

(2)

Brady v. Fulghum

517

(1)

Partnerships

518

(11)

Partnership Advantages

519

(1)

Partnership Disadvantages

519

(1)

Partnership Definition

519

(1)

Partnership Existence

519

(1)

Forming Partnerships

520

(3)

Dalton v. Austin

521

(2)

Partners' Relationship to Each Other

523

(1)

Partners' Agreements

524

(1)

Partners' Salaries

524

(1)

Partners' Suits against One Another

524

(1)

Partners' Liability for Copartners' Contracts and Torts

524

(1)

Partnership Property

525

(3)

Patel v. Patel

527

(1)

Partnership by Estoppel

528

(1)

Limited Partnerships

529

(4)

A Problem

529

(1)

A Solution

529

(1)

Partners in Limited Partnerships

529

(1)

Limited Partner Registry

529

(1)

Limited Partners Are Passive

529

(4)

Overt v. Environmental Research and Development

530

(3)

Business Trusts

533

(1)

Limited Liability Partnerships (LLPS)

534

(1)

Limited Liability Companies (LLCS)

534

(1)

Corporations

535

(20)

Definition of a Corporation

535

(1)

Limited Liability and Transferable Shares

535

(1)

Professional Corporations

536

(1)

Corporations' Constitutional Rights

536

(1)

Law Governing Corporations

537

(1)

Basic Corporate Definitions

537

(1)

Model Business Corporation Act (MBCA)

538

(1)

How Corporations Are Formed

538

(1)

Promoters' Preincorporation Legal Duties

539

(1)

Corporate Existence

540

(2)

Robertson v. Levy

540

(2)

Disregard of Corporateness

542

(2)

Joslyn Mfg. Co. v. T. L. James & Co., Inc.

543

(1)

Corporate Directors

544

(5)

Pittman v. Beebe

547

(2)

Corporate Stockholders

549

(1)

Corporate Officers

549

(2)

Comparing Business Forms

551

(4)

Chapter Summary

555

(1)

Manager's Ethical Dilemma

555

(1)

Internet Exercises

556

(1)

Discussion Questions

556

(1)

Suggested Readings

557

(2)

20 Securities Regulation

559

(38)

Positive Law Ethical Problems

559

(1)

Federal Securities Laws

560

(16)

Overview

560

(3)

Definition of a Security

563

(1)

Recent Supreme Court Case Applications of Security Definition

564

(1)

Landreth Timber Co. v. Landreth

564

(1)

Securities Act of 1933

565

(3)

Exemptions from the Securities Act of 1933

568

(1)

Exempt Transactions Under the Securities Act of 1933

568

(2)

Exempt Securities Under the Securities Act of 1933

570

(1)

Civil Liability Under the Securities Act of 1933

571

(5)

Escott v. BarChris Construction

572

(4)

Criminal Punishment Under the Securities Act of 1933

576

(1)

Securities Exchange Act of 1934

576

(16)

The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

578

(1)

SEA Registration Requirements

578

(1)

Securities Registration

578

(1)

SEA Reporting Requirements

578

(1)

SEA Proxy Restrictions

578

(1)

SEA Credit Restrictions

579

(1)

Short-Swing Profits

579

(1)

Section 10(b) and Rule 10b-5

580

(7)

Zaretsky v. E. F. Hutton & Co., Inc.

580

(2)

SEC v. Texas Gulf Sulphur Company

582

(3)

Dirks v. SEC

585

(2)

Federal Statute on Insider Trading (Insider Trading Sanctions Act)

587

(1)

Takeover Bids (Tender Offers)

587

(4)

Schreiber v. Burlington Northern, Inc.

589

(2)

Criminal Violations of the SEA

591

(1)

The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA)

591

(1)

State Securities Regulation

592

(1)

Chapter Summary

592

(1)

Manager's Ethical Dilemma

593

(1)

Internet Exercises

593

(1)

Discussion Questions

594

(2)

Suggested Readings

596

(1)

MODULE 6 Law Affecting the Marketing Department

597

(110)

21 Antitrust Law

599

(34)

Positive Law Ethical Problem

599

(1)

Emergence of Antitrust Law in the United States

600

(1)

The Debate over Antitrust Policy

601

(1)

The Two Views Contrasted

601

(1)

The Sherman Act: Preliminaries

602

(2)

The Act's Reach

602

(1)

Criminal Prosecutions

602

(1)

Civil Suits

603

(1)

Sherman Act Section 1

604

(10)

Joint or Concerted Action

604

(1)

Rule of Reason and Per Se Violations

605

(3)

Business Electronics Corporation v. Sharp Electronics Corporation

606

(2)

Per Se Violations

608

(6)

Atlantic Richfield v. USA Petroleum Co.

609

(3)

FTC v. Indiana Federation of Dentists

612

(2)

Sherman Act Section 2

614

(3)

Monopolization

614

(3)

Eastman Kodak Co. v. Image Technical Services, Inc.

616

(1)

Attempts to Monopolize

617

(1)

Clayton Act Section 3

617

(2)

Tying Contracts

618

(1)

Exclusive Dealing and Requirements Contracts

618

(1)

Clayton Act Section 7

619

(1)

General Policy Considerations

619

(5)

Types of Mergers

620

(4)

United States v. Baker Hughes, Inc.

621

(3)

The Robinson-Patman Act

624

(4)

Jurisdictional Reach

625

(1)

Price Discrimination

625

(3)

Brooke Group LTD v. Brown and Williamson Tobacco Corp.

626

(2)

Buyer Inducement of Discrimination

628

(1)

Other Forms of Seller Discrimination

628

(1)

Interlocking Directorates and Officers

628

(1)

Antitrust Exemptions

629

(1)

The State Action Exemption

629

(1)

Petitioning the Government

630

(1)

Union Activity

630

(1)

Other Exemptions

630

(1)

Chapter Summary

630

(1)

Manager's Ethical Dilemma

631

(1)

Internet Exercises

631

(1)

Discussion Questions

631

(1)

Suggested Readings

632

(1)

22 The Federal Trade Commission Act and Civil Remedies for Unfair Competition

633

(22)

Positive Law Ethical Problem

633

(1)

The Federal Trade Commission

634

(3)

Description

634

(1)

Functions

634

(1)

FTC Regulation Under Section 5

634

(3)

FTC Rules, Guides, and Other Standards

637

(1)

Advisory Opinions

637

(1)

Industry Guides

637

(1)

Trade Regulation Rules

637

(1)

FTC Enforcement Devices

637

(2)

Formal FTC Action

637

(2)

Other Enforcement Devices

639

(1)

The FTC and Anticompetitive Behavior

639

(2)

Federal Trade Commission v. Superior Court Trial Lawyers Association

639

(2)

Deceptive and Unfair Acts or Practices

641

(3)

Deception

641

(3)

Federal Trade Commission v. Patriot Alcohol Testers, Inc.

642

(2)

Unfairness

644

(1)

Orkin Exterminating Co. v. Federal Trade Commission

644

(1)

Remedies in Advertising Cases

645

(1)

First Amendment Considerations

646

(1)

FTC Regulation of Franchising

646

(3)

Lanham Act Section 43(A)

649

(2)

Groden v. Random House, Inc.

649

(2)

Chapter Summary

651

(1)

Manager's Ethical Dilemma

651

(1)

Internet Exercises

652

(1)

Discussion Questions

652

(1)

Suggested Readings

653

(2)

23 Consumer Protection

655

(52)

Positive Law Ethical Problems

655

(1)

A Brief History of Consumer Protection

656

(2)

The Church and Secular Law

656

(1)

Impediments to Consumer Protection

656

(1)

Consumer Protection in the Late 19th Century and Early 20th Century

657

(1)

Modern Era Consumer Protection

658

(1)

Who Is a Consumer?

658

(1)

Why Protect Consumers?

659

(1)

Arguments Against Consumer Protection

659

(1)

Arguments Favoring Consumer Protection

659

(1)

Sources of Consumer Protection Law

659

(1)

Common Law Protection of Consumers

659

(8)

Consideration

659

(1)

Undue Influence

660

(1)

Duress

660

(1)

Fraud

661

(2)

Golding v. Williams

662

(1)

Innocent Misrepresentation

663

(1)

Contracts Contrary to Public Policy

663

(1)

Illegal Contracts

663

(1)

Unconscionability

664

(2)

Williams v. Walker-Thomas Furniture Company

665

(1)

Weaknesses in Common Law for Consumers

666

(1)

Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

667

(4)

Background

667

(1)

Consumerism

667

(1)

FTC Consumer Protection Regulations

667

(4)

The Consumer Product Safety Act

671

(4)

Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC)

671

(4)

Gulf South Insulation v. Consumer Prod. Safety Com'n

672

(3)

Truth-in-Lending Act

675

(4)

The Act's Role in Regulation

675

(1)

Types of Credit Covered

676

(1)

Types of Creditors Covered

676

(1)

Disclosing Credit Terms

676

(1)

Finance Charge and Annual Percentage Rate

676

(1)

Credit Cards

677

(1)

Oclander v. First Nat. Bank of Louisville

677

(1)

Credit Advertising

678

(1)

Penalties

679

(1)

Credit Records

679

(1)

Enforcers

679

(1)

Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA)

679

(3)

How the FCRA Works

679

(1)

Sanctions

680

(2)

Houghton v. Ins. Crime Prevention Institute

680

(2)

Equal Credit Opportunity Act (ECOA)

682

(4)

ECOA's Creditor Coverage

682

(1)

Some ECOA Applications

682

(1)

Other ECOA Provisions

683

(1)

Miller v. American Express Co.

684

(2)

Fair Credit Billing Act

686

(1)

Billing Errors

686

(1)

Discounts

686

(1)

Credit Reporting

686

(1)

Fair Debt Collection Practices Act

686

(4)

Purpose

686

(1)

Provisions of the Act

686

(4)

Venes v. Professional Service Bureau, Inc.

688

(2)

The Electronic Fund Transfer Act (ERTA)

690

(4)

EFTA Consumer Protections

691

(3)

Ognibene v. Citibank, N.A.

692

(2)

Bankruptcy

694

(8)

Straight Bankruptcy

694

(1)

Bankruptcy Consumer Protections

695

(3)

Perez v. Campbell

697

(1)

Bankruptcy Limits

698

(3)

In Re Tondreau

699

(2)

Debt Adjustment (Chapter 13 Bankruptcy)

701

(1)

1984 Amendments Affecting Consumers

701

(1)

State Statutes Protecting Consumers

702

(2)

Uniform Commercial Code (UCC)

702

(1)

Uniform Consumer Credit Code (UCCC)

702

(1)

Usury Laws

702

(1)

Occupational Licensing Statutes

703

State Consumer Protection Agencies

702

(2)

Chapter Summary

704

(1)

Manager's Ethical Dilemma

704

(1)

Internet Exercises

705

(1)

Discussion Questions

705

(1)

Suggested Readings

706

(1)

MODULE 7 Law Affecting the Manufacturing Department

707

24 Product Liability

709

(36)

Positive Law Ethical Problem

709

(1)

The Evolution of Product Liability Law

710

(2)

The 19th Century

710

(1)

The 20th Century

711

(1)

The Quest for Product Liability Reform

711

(1)

The Major Theories of Product Liability Recovery

712

(12)

Express Warranty

713

(2)

Daughtrey v. Ashe

714

(1)

Implied Warranty of Merchantability

715

(2)

Keaton v. A. B. C. Drug Co.

716

(1)

Implied Warranty of Fitness

717

(2)

Trans-Aire International Inc. v. Northern Adhesive Co.

718

(1)

Negligence

719

(2)

Ciardello v. Maxfli

720

(1)

Strict Liability

721

(3)

West v. Searle & Co.

722

(2)

Other Theories of Recovery

724

(1)

Industrywide Liability

724

(1)

A Transitional Note

725

(1)

Damages

725

(3)

Types of Damages

725

(1)

Damages Under the UCC

726

(1)

Tort Reform Measures

726

(2)

Spindler v. North Central Harvestore, Inc.

727

(1)

Who Can Recover Against Whom? The No-Privity Defense

728

(2)

Privity Under the UCC

729

(1)

Privity in Negligence and Section 402A Cases

730

(1)

Liability Disclaimers

730

(5)

The Easy Cases: Express Warranty Disclaimers, Negligence, and Section 402A Disclaimers

731

(1)

Implied Warranty Disclaimers

731

(4)

Myers v. A.O. Smith Harvestore Products, Inc.

733

(2)

Remedy Limitations

735

(2)

Construction Associates Inc. v. Fargo Water Equipment Company

736

(1)

Timing Provisions

737

(1)

Statutes of Limitations

737

(1)

Statutes of Repose

738

(1)

Defenses Involving the Plaintiff's Behavior

738

(3)

The Traditional Defenses

738

(1)

The Movement Toward Comparative Fault

739

(2)

Jiminez v. Sears Roebuck and Company

740

(1)

Chapter Summary

741

(1)

Manager's Ethical Dilemma

741

(1)

Internet Exercises

742

(1)

Discussion Questions

742

(1)

Suggested Readings

743

(2)

25 Environmental Law

745

Positive Law Ethical Problems

745

(1)

The Environmental Ethic

746

(4)

An Improvement in Calculating Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

750

(1)

Overview of Environment Law

750

(1)

The Principal Actors or Institutions

751

(1)

The National Environment Policy Act (NEPA)

751

(7)

Environmental Rights

752

(1)

Environmental Impact Statements

752

(6)

National Audubon Society v. Hoffman

765

The Clean Water Act

758

(6)

Midcourse Corrections

759

(1)

Criticisms

759

(2)

Enforcement

761

(2)

U.S. v. Frezzo Brothers, Inc.

761

(2)

The 1987 Amendments to the Clean Water Act

763

(1)

The Clean Air Act

764

(14)

Pre-Federal Air Pollution Control

764

(1)

Federal Air Pollution Control

764

(1)

1965 Amendments

764

(1)

1967 Amendments

764

(1)

1970 Amendments

764

(3)

Pollutants Covered

767

(1)

Basic Concepts

767

(1)

Enforcement

768

(3)

Commonwealth of Virginia v. U.S.

768

(3)

1977 Amendments

771

(1)

Air Pollution Costs and Benefits

772

(4)

Chevron v. National Resources Defense Council

773

(2)

United States v. Haney Chevrolet, Inc.

775

(1)

1990 Amendments to the Clean Air Act

776

(2)

Solid Waste: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA)

778

(3)

Goals

779

(1)

Implementation

779

(1)

Sanctions

779

(2)

United States v. Johnson & Towers, Inc.

780

(1)

Toxic Substances Control Act (TOSCA)

781

(2)

Control of Toxic Chemicals

781

(1)

Criticisms of the TOSCA

782

(1)

Nuclear Waste Policy Act

783

(3)

Nuclear Resources Defense Council v. U.S.E.P.A.

784

(2)

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA)

786

(6)

U.S. v. Fleet Factors Corp.

788

(3)

Amending CERCLA

791

(1)

Endangered Species Act

792

(1)

Stages in Environmental Law

792

(2)

Window Dressing

793

(1)

Hue and Cry

793

(1)

Hard Look

793

(1)

Practical Effects

793

(1)

Chapter Summary

794

(1)

Manager's Ethical Dilemma

795

(1)

Internet Exercises

796

(1)

Discussion Questions

796

(1)

Suggested Readings

797

Appendix I The Constitution of the United States of America

A-1

Appendix II Administrative Procedure Act

A-12

Appendix III The Sherman Act

A-34

Appendix IV The Clayton Act

A-35

Appendix V The Robinson-Patman Act

A-40

Appendix VI The Federal Trade Commission Act

A-42

Appendix VII The National Labor Relations Act

A-43

Appendix VIII Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964

A-51

Appendix IX Sections 402A and 402B of the Restatement (Second) of Torts

A-54

Appendix X Uniform Commercial Code

A-55

Glossary

G-1

Index

I-1

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The Legal, Ethical, and Regulatory Environment of Business

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials