The Legal Protection of Databases

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ISBN: 9780521802574 | 0521802571
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 8/25/2003

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Mark Davison examines several legal models designed to protect databases, considering in particular the EU Directive, the history of its adoption and its transposition into national laws. He compares the Directive with a range of American legislative proposals, as well as the principles of misappropriation that underpin them. In addition, the book also contains a commentary on the appropriateness of the various models in the context of moves for an international agreement on the topic. This book will be of interest to academics and practitioners, including those involved with databases and other forms of new media.

Foreword by William R. Cornish

Acknowledgments

xvi

Table of cases

xvii

Table of legislation

xxiii

Table of European Union legislation

xxxiv

Table of treaties, conventions, other international and regional instruments

xxxviii

1 Introduction

(9)

Why have databases become an important issue

(1)

The structure of this book

(7)

2 Some basic principles

(40)

Basic copyright principles concerning databases

(26)

Compilations and collections

(2)

Originality

(8)

The 'sweat of the brow' approach

(1)

An intellectual creation

(1)

European standards of originality

(1)

The spectrum of originality

(1)

Originality as it applies to compilations and databases

(4)

Authorship

(3)

Some technical aspects of database creation

(2)

Infringement

(4)

A substantial part of a work: qualitative rather than quantitative tests

(3)

Rights that are infringed

(1)

Right of reproduction

(2)

Right of rental

(1)

Right of distribution

(1)

Right of communication to the public

(1)

Protection against circumvention of technological protection devices

(1)

Exceptions to copyright

(2)

Compulsory licensing

(2)

Summary of copyright

(1)

Principles of unfair competition

(3)

Contract law and databases

(3)

Competition law

(7)

The paradigm does not fit

(3)

The legal model for protection may generate the possibility of legitimate market power being created

(1)

The logistics of government regulation

(1)

Government policy towards competition law

(1)

Aspects of distributive justice

(2)

3 Protection of databases in the EU

(53)

History of the Directive

(49)

The Green Paper

(1)

The First Draft

(7)

Justification for a Directive

(1)

Definition of a database

(1)

Relationship to copyright in computer programs

(1)

Exceptions to copyright

(1)

Relationship between copyright and contract law

(1)

The sui generis right

(1)

Compulsory licensing

(1)

Exceptions to the sui generis right

(1)

Term of protection

(1)

Protection for databases outside the EU

(1)

Retrospectivity

(1)

Preservation of other legal provisions

(1)

Summary of the First Draft

(1)

Opinion of the Economic and Social Committee of the Council

(5)

Definition of a database

(1)

Protection for databases outside the EU

(1)

Duration of protection

(1)

Authorship of databases and circumvention of technological protection of databases

(1)

Summary of the Committee's Opinion

(1)

Amendments to the Directive by the European Parliament

(3)

Definition of a database

(1)

The sui generis right

(1)

Compulsory licensing

(1)

Exceptions to the sui generis right

(1)

The duration of protection

(1)

Summary of the 1993 Amendments

(1)

The common position of 10 July 1995

(1)

The final version of the Directive

(31)

The recitals

(1)

The need for uniform laws

(1)

Explanation of the substantive provisions of the Directive

(1)

Scope of the Directive and the definition of a database

(4)

Computer programs

(1)

Authors of databases

(1)

Restricted acts

(1)

Exceptions to copyright in databases

(4)

The sui generis right

(1)

The maker of a database

(1)

A qualitatively or quantitatively substantial investment in obtaining, verifying or presenting

(4)

Right to prevent extraction and/or re-utilisation

(2)

Infringement of the right of extraction and re-utilisation

(2)

Exceptions to the sui generis right

(1)

Duration of the sui generis right

(1)

Retrospectivity

(4)

Territorial qualification for protection

(1)

Compulsory licensing and competition law

(1)

Saving of existing legal regimes 98 Final provisions

(1)

Summary of the Directive

(1)

Circumvention of protection measures

100

(3)

4 Transposition of the Directive

103

(57)

Belgium

109

(4)

109

(2)

Unfair competition laws

111

(1)

Sui generis protection

111

(2)

Right to extract or re-utilise an insubstantial part

112

(1)

Exceptions

113

(1)

Term of protection

113

(1)

France

113

(5)

113

(2)

Unfair competition law

115

(1)

Sui generis protection

116

(2)

Right to extract or re-utilise an insubstantial part

117

(1)

Exceptions

117

(1)

Term of protection

118

(1)

Germany

118

(8)

118

(5)

Unfair competition laws

123

(1)

Sui generis protection

124

(2)

Right to extract or re-utilise an insubstantial part

125

(1)

Exceptions

126

(1)

Term of protection

126

(1)

Ireland

126

(3)

126

(1)

Unfair competition laws

127

(1)

Sui generis protection

128

(1)

The right to extract or re-utilise an insubstantial part

128

(1)

Exceptions

128

(1)

Term of protection

128

(1)

Licensing schemes

128

(1)

Technological protection measures

129

(1)

Italy

129

(4)

129

(2)

Unfair competition laws

131

(1)

Sui generis protection

132

(1)

The right to extract or re-utilise an insubstantial part

133

(1)

Exceptions

133

(1)

The Netherlands

133

(5)

133

(1)

Unfair competition laws

134

(1)

Sui generis protection

135

(3)

The right to extract or re-utilise an insubstantial part

136

(1)

Exceptions

137

(1)

Term of protection

137

(1)

Spain

138

(3)

138

(1)

Unfair competition laws

139

(1)

Sui generis protection

140

(1)

The right to extract or re-utilise an insubstantial part

140

(1)

Exceptions

140

(1)

Term of protection

140

(1)

Sweden

141

(2)

141

(1)

Unfair competition laws

142

(1)

Sui generis protection

142

(1)

United Kingdom

143

(15)

143

(3)

Unfair competition laws

146

(1)

Sui generis protection

147

(5)

Right to extract or re-utilise an insubstantial part

151

(1)

Exceptions

151

(1)

Term of protection

151

(1)

Licensing schemes

152

(1)

Summary of the transposition of the Directive

152

(10)

Harmonisation of copyright

152

(1)

The investment necessary to qualify for sui generis protection

153

(2)

Nature of the right and the test of infringement

155

(1)

Definition of a lawful user

156

(1)

Lack of harmonisation of the exceptions

156

(1)

The period of protection

156

(1)

Relationship to unfair competition laws

157

(1)

Single source databases

157

(1)

Conclusion

158

(2)

5 Protection of databases in the United States of America

160

(57)

162

(9)

Some decisions since Feist

162

(2)

Circumvention of technological measures

164

(3)

The fair use defence

167

(3)

Summary of the copyright position

170

(1)

Nature and history of the American tort of misappropriation

171

(19)

International News Service v. Associated Press

172

(6)

Subject matter of protection

173

(1)

Protection against whom

174

(1)

Nature of the protection

174

(1)

The dissenting judgment in International News Service v. Associated Press

175

(1)

Summary of the position in International News Service v. Associated Press

176

(2)

The chequered history of the decision in International News Service v. Associated Press

178

(1)

Limitations on the scope of the tort of misappropriation

179

(10)

Pre-emption by the Federal Constitution and intellectual property legislation

180

(3)

Direct competition between the parties

183

(2)

Time-sensitivity

185

(2)

Reducing the plaintiffs incentive

187

(2)

Summary of American unfair competition law

189

(1)

Legislative proposals for sui generis protection

190

(23)

The Database Investment and Intellectual Property Antipiracy Bi11 of 1996

190

(3)

Definition of a database

191

(1)

The sui generis right

191

(1)

Comparisons with misappropriation

192

(1)

Comparisons with the Directive

192

(1)

The Collections of Information Antipiracy Bill 1997

193

(7)

Definition of a Database

194

(1)

Prerequisite for sui generis protection

194

(1)

Nature of the sui generis right

195

(1)

Potential market

195

(2)

Circumvention of database protection systems and protection of database management information

197

(1)

Permitted acts

197

(1)

Exclusions

198

(1)

Preservation of contract law and other legal regimes

199

(1)

Pre-emption of state law

199

(1)

Comparisons with the Directive

199

(1)

Comparisons with misappropriation

200

(1)

The Collections of Information Antipiracy Bill of 1999

200

(13)

Definition of a collection of information

201

(1)

Material harm

201

(1)

The market protected

202

(1)

A substantial part

203

(1)

Fair use

204

(1)

Reasonable uses for educational, scientific or research purposes

205

(1)

Other reasonable uses

206

(1)

Special provisions for securities and commodities market information and digital on-line communications

207

(1)

Special provisions regarding genealogical information

207

(1)

Investigative, protective or intelligence activities

207

(1)

Computer programs and digital on-line communications

208

(1)

Government collections of information

208

(1)

Duration of protection

209

(2)

Retrospectivity

211

(1)

Remedies

211

(1)

Study and report

211

(1)

Comparisons with the Directive

211

(1)

Comparisons with misappropriation

212

(1)

The Consumer and Investor Access to Information Bill of 1999

213

(1)

Summary of the American position

213

(4)

6 International aspects of protection of databases

217

(20)

International agreements concerning copyright protection of databases

218

(8)

National treatment, most favoured nation status and the Directive

221

(5)

Public international obligations and the American legislation

226

(1)

Steps towards a WIPO Treaty on the Protection of Databases

226

(8)

The Draft Treaty

227

(1)

Further moves towards a database treaty by WIPO

228

(1)

WIPO information meeting on intellectual property in databases, Geneva, 17-19 September 1997

229

(1)

Observations by WMO and UNESCO

229

(1)

Outcome of the information meeting

230

(1)

Summary of moves to adopt a database treaty

231

(3)

EU and bilateral arrangements

234

(1)

Conclusion

235

(2)

7 The appropriate model for the legal protection of databases

237

(51)

The argument in favour of sui generis protection

239

(25)

Economic theory

241

(3)

Price discrimination

242

(2)

The costs of intellectual property rights

244

(13)

Rent seeking

245

(2)

Loss of public good benefits

247

(7)

Transaction costs

254

(3)

Enforcement costs

257

(1)

Limiting the costs of property rights

257

(1)

Summary of economic theory

258

(1)

Anecdotal and empirical evidence

259

(5)

Evidence of the Directive's impact

263

(1)

Non-economic roles of information

264

(8)

Limits of the tragedy of the commons

266

(3)

Examples of scientific cooperation

269

(3)

The Health WIZ project

269

(2)

World Meteorological Organization (WMO)

271

(1)

Some suggestions for protection of databases

272

(11)

Defining the subject matter of protection narrowly so as to avoid unnecessary and unintended consequences

273

(1)

Separation of the subject matter of sui generis protection for sweat of the brow from copyright protection

274

(1)

Differentiation of sui generis rights from copyright

275

(1)

Exceptions to copyright to permit use of underlying information

276

(1)

Exceptions to prohibitions on circumvention protection devices

277

(1)

An equivalent to the fair use defence

277

(1)

Relationship with contract law and compulsory licences

278

(2)

Modification of competition law principles

280

(1)

Duration of the period of protection

280

(1)

Remedies

281

(1)

Excise some areas of scientific cooperation from any treaty or legislation

282

(1)

Government information

282

(1)

Conclusion

283

(2)

Addendum

285

(3)

Canadian approach to originality

285

(1)

Reports to WIPO on the impact of database protection on developing countries

286

(2)

Glossary

288

(2)

Bibliography

290

(6)

Index

296

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The Legal Protection of Databases

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials